Test Yourself for the 7-year medical students更新时间:2006-9-23 20:56:38 阅读 605 次1. Put the following words into Chinese: (0.5 point for each, total 10 points) sensitizer bronchodilatorureter cretinismeczema amnesiatrichomoniasis dementiagluconeogenesis lipolysisketoacidosis gynecologyvagotomy pyelonephritisnoncardiogenic chondromavasospasm dermatophytosisophthalmologist angiography2. Put the following words into English: (0.5 point for each, total 10 points)增生失禁转移多尿症黏膜处方胰岛素肢端肥大症果糖脱水健忘症偏头痛淋病步态癫痫血肿激素脓肿膀胱镜后遗症3．Translation (5 points for each, total 50 points)1) It is likely that the immediate future of oncology will include the successful application of modern molecular biology to the development of novel antiproliferative therapies for cancer. Just as the cancer cell has provided a window through which to view the normal growth regulatory processes, cancer patients are likely to provide a window through which we will begin to modulate gene expression in a therapeutically useful manner.2) The prognosis of occupational contact dermatitis is surprisingly poor，especially if effective treatment is not given early and if the dermatitis is prolonged. The reasons for this are not entirely clear; however, surveys have shown that a high percentage of individuals still have dermatitis several years later, in many cases despite a change of employment. Those with atopy appear to have the worst prognosis.(3) The rate of growth of malignant tumors correlates in general with their level of differentiation. Thus, there is wide variation. Some grow slowly for years and then enter a phase of rapid growth, signifying the emergence of an aggressive subclone of transformed cells. Others grow relatively slowly, and indeed, there are exceptional instances when growth comes almost to a standstill.(4) Pemphigus is characterized by the formation of blisters in the skin and mucous membranes caused by a separation of epidermal cells from underlying layers. Rupture of these lesions leaves deeper areas of the skin unprotected from infection and fluid loss, much as in cases of burns. The cause is an autoimmune reaction to epithelial cells. Pemphigus is fatal unless treated by methods to suppress the immune system.(5) Mammography is a method of diagnosing breast cancer by x-ray examination. Other methods include palpation and cytologic study of tissue removed by aspiration or excision. Regular breast self-examination is of utmost importance, as the majority of breast cancers are discovered by women themselves.(6) Normally, 2 months before birth the testes leave the abdomen and descend into the scrotal sac. If one or both testes fail to descend, the condition is known as cryptorchism. Orchiopexy is performed to bring the testes into the scrotum, if they do not descend on their own before the boy is 2 years old. Undescended testicles put the male at high risk of sterility and testicular cancer.(7) Among diseases causing seizures, those producing atrophic lesions of the cerebral hemispheres are the most common. They may originate in the antenatal of prenatal period and therefore may result from malformation, failure of development of the blood supply to the particular part of the brain, accidents of birth, or problems of hypoxia in the perinatal and early antenatal period. Atrophic lesions also may result from trauma at birth, due to molding of the head and marked herniation of the brain, or from trauma in later life produced by direct head injuries.(8) When the possible causes of hypoglycemia are being addressed, the most important clinical distinction is to separate hypoglycemia induced by eating and hypoglycemia occurring in the fasting state. The former is diagnosed excessively and rarely indicates a serious underlying disorder, while the latter demands a thorough search for a specific cause.(9) Cystitis is an infection of the urinary bladder. Organisms generally enter through the urethra and ascend toward the bladder. The infecting organisms are usually colon bacteria carried in feces. Cystitis is thus more common in females than in males because the female urethra is shorter than the male urethra and its opening is closer to the anus. Poor toilet habits and urinary stasis are contributing factors.(10) Shock waves are used to crush urinary tract stones into tiny fragments that can be passed out with urine. After receiving some type of anesthesia, the patient is immersed in a tank of water and shock wave ate generated electrically. Using an x-ray picture screen, fluoroscopy, the physician can position the patient so that the stone will receive the shock waves properly.5．Translation (30 points)Hypertension is one of the most common diseases afflicting humans throughout the world. Because of the associated morbidity and mortality and the cost to society, hypertension is an important public health challenge. Over the past several decades, extensive research and widespread patient education have led to decreased mortality and morbidity rates from the multiple organ damage arising from years of untreated hypertension. Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, end-stage renal disease, and peripheral vascular disease. Therefore, health care professionals must notonly identify and treat patients with hypertension but also promote a healthy lifestyle and preventive strategies to decrease the prevalence of hypertension in the general population.Internationally, n ational health surveys in various countries have shown a high prevalence of poor control of hypertension. These studies have reported that prevalence of hypertension is 22% in Canada, of which 16% is controlled; 26.3% in Egypt, of which 8% is controlled; and 13.6% in China, of which 3% is controlled. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic; in many countries, 50% of the population older than 60 years has hypertension. Overall, approximately 20% of the world's adults are estimated to have hypertension. The 20% prevalence is for hypertension defined as blood pressure in excess of 140/90 mm Hg. The prevalence dramatically increases in patients older than 60 years.Blacks have a higher prevalence and incidence of hypertension than whites. The prevalence of hypertension was increased by 50% in African Americans. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III reported an age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension at 20.6% in Mexican Americans.The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 34%, 25.4%, and 23.2% for men and 31%, 21%, and 21.6% for women among African Americans, whites, and Mexican Americans, respectively. In the NHANES III study, the prevalence of hypertension was 12% for white men and 5% for white women aged 18-49 years. However, the age-related blood pressure rise for women exceeds that of men.A progressive rise in blood pressure with increasing age is observed. The third NHANES survey reported that the prevalence of hypertension grows significantly with increasing age in all sex and race groups. In another study, the incidence of hypertension appeared to increase approximately 5% for each 10-year interval of age.Test Yourself (2) for the 7-year medical students1. Put the following words into Chinese: (0.5 point for each, total 10 points)sedative hydronephrosishypospasia leiomyomapyloroplasty proliferationcryptorchism dementiapediatrician otolaryngologyketoacidosis tachycardiagalactose hyperkalemiaimmunosorbent eczemalipolysis pruritussequela electroencephalography2. Put the following words into English: (0.5 point for each, total 10 points)节律障碍低血糖症抗排斥反应血尿硬皮病发病机制肿瘤学胃切除术血液透析不育麻醉儿科学老年病学甲状腺功能减退症癫痫偏头痛尿毒症脓肿膀胱炎绝经3．Translation (5 points for each, total 50 points)(1) A pituitary adenoma usually increases secretion of growth hormone or adrenocorticotropic hormone. An excess of growth hormone before puberty lead to an abnormal over-growth of the body and may result in a condition known as gigantism. After puberty, it causes over-growth of bone and soft tissue, especially in the hands, feet, and face, which results in a condition called acromegaly.(2) The increased understanding of how cells die could play an important role in the development of new anticancer therapy. It has become clear that the regulation of cell death is just as complex as the regulation of cell growth. Most, if not all, animal cells self-destruct by activation of an intrinsic cell suicide program accompanied by a set of characteristic morphologic and biochemical changes known as apoptosis, or programmed cell death.(3) Perhaps in many patients with increased intraocular pressure, pressure is the dominant mechanism of opticdisk damage, and vascular and immune disorders play lesser roles. In many patients with normal intraocular pressure, systemic vascular problems and immune disorders may be the dominant damaging factors. It is also possible that in some patient, vascular problems, connective tissue susceptibilities, or immune disorders may render the optic disk more susceptible to pressure-related damage so that it may occur even at normal levels of pressure.(4) Hepatic glucose production derives initially from preformed glycogen, but the capacity of hepatic glycogen to sustain plasma glucose levels is limited to 8 to 12 hours, or even less after periods of exercise or illness. Thus, for more sustained fasting, including the normal overnight fast, gluconeogenesis, the generation of new glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates, must take over.(5) Careful rectal examination by a physician with digital (finger) palpation is a useful method for detection of early prostatic carcinoma. Lympthangiography and computerized tomography scans can detect lymph node metastases. Acid phosphatase is normally released into the blood in small quantities by the prostate, and elevated levels are found in patients with metastatic disease. Treatment is surgery (prostatectomy), radiotherapy, and hormonal chemotherapy. Since prostatic cells need androgens, antiandrogen hormones and estrogens are used to slow tumor growth by depriving the cells of testosterone.(6) Many women carry the disease asymptomatically, and others have pain, vaginal and urethral discharge, and salpingitis. As a result of sexual activity, men and women can acquire anorectal and pharyngeal gonococcal infections as well. Penicillin is the treatment and is curative.Herpes genitalis: infection of the skin and mucosa of the genitals, caused by the herpes simplex virus.(7) Among diseases causing seizures, those producing atrophic lesions of the cerebral hemispheres are the most common. They may originate in the antenatal of prenatal period and therefore may result from malformation, failure of development of the blood supply to the particular part of the brain, accidents of birth, or problems of hypoxia in the perinatal and early antenatal period. Atrophic lesions also may result from trauma at birth, due to molding of the head and marked herniation of the brain, or from trauma in later life produced by direct head injuries.(8) Allergic contact dermatitis occur as a result of sensitization to specific haptens through a process ofcell-mediated immunity. The hapten combines with protein in the skin to form a complete antigen that is processed and presented to T lymphocytes by epidermal Langerhans cells, specialized macrophages that form an intraepidermal network. Among the most frequent allergens are poison ivy or oak; rubber additives, particularly accelerators and antioxidants; monomers of plastics and resins, such as epoxies, and acrylates; nickel; chromium salts; and derivatives; and formaldehyde.(9) Malignant melanoma is cancerous growth composed of melanocyte. An alarming increase in the incidence of this malignancy has been noted and is attributed to the intense exposure to sunlight that many people experience. Melanoma usually begins as a mottled, light brown to black, flat macule with irregular borders. The lesions may turn shades of red, blue, and white and may crust on the surface and bleed. Melanomas often arise in preexisting moles and frequently appear on the upper back, lower legs, head and neck.(10) Malignant neoplasms are characterized by a wide range of parenchymal cell differentiation, from surprisingly well-differentiated to completely undifferentiated. Malignant neoplasms that are composed of undifferentiated cells are said to “anaplastic”. Indeed, lack of differentiation, or an aplasia, is considered a hallmark of malignancy. The term anaplasia lietreally means “ to form backward.” It implies dedifferentiation or loss of structural and functional differentiation of normal cells. However, it is now known that cancers arise from stem cells in tissues, so failure of differentiation, rather than dedifferentiation of specialized cells, accounts for undifferentiated tumors.6．Translation (30 points)Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the top ten causes of death from cancer in industrialized countries, with over 40000 deaths/year in Europe and nearly 30000 deaths/year in the USA. The incidence has risen dramatically in many countries as they have become more westernized in their way of life. The peak incidence is around 10–12 per 105population. In Europe the incidence in women has continued to increase and in most but not all countries virtually matches the levels observed in men [1–4]. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program in the United States, however, have shown a fall in the total incidence of pancreatic cancer from 12.3 per 105 population in 1973 to 10.7 per 105 in 1999. During the same period the declinein rates for men was from 16.1 to 12.1 per 105 and for women from 9.6 to 9.5 per 105, respectively. The changes in incidence in the USA and Europe, both in absolute terms and as trends, are likely to be accounted for by major environmental a etiological factors, notably tobacco smoking and perhaps dietary factors.The chief cause of pancreatic cancer so far identified is tobacco consumption, conferring about a two-fold increased risk, even so this only accounts for some 30% of cases. Chronic pancreatitis is associated with an increased risk of about, five- to 15-fold, but given a prevalence of only 10 per 105 population the contribution to the overall numbers is small. Although the risk of PDAC is increased 50- to 70-fold in hereditary pancreatitis and forms part of a number of familial cancer syndromes, in themselves important in understanding the molecular basis of pancreatic cancer and as a potential for secondary screening, altogether they account for no more than 5% of all cases. Current diagnostic techniques lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity to support screening for pancreatic cancer in general. Thus, apart from reducing tobacco consumption there are no special opportunities available by which to reduce the mortality from pancreatic cancer. The overall median survival from diagnosis is less than 3–5 months with a 12-month survival rate of 6~10% and a 5-year survival rate of 0.4–3%. There are three important reasons for these appalling survival figures. First, the disease usually advances to a late clinical stage before symptoms are apparent. Secondly, partial or total resection of the pancreas is surgically very demanding with acceptable resection and postoperative mortality rates found only in specialized centers. Thirdly, pancreatic cancer has an aggressive biological phenotype that is exceptionally resistant to all forms of therapy.1.passage three Normal-pressure Glaucoma;2.passage two Endocrein Disorders.3.passage three Hypoglycemia.4.passage two Disorders of the Urinary System and Some Means for Finding themOut.5. d passage two Reproductive Disorders.6.passage Epilepsy7.passage Why We Forget.8.passage Disorders of the Skin.9.passage Occupatinal Diseases of the Skin.10.text Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms.11.text The Future of Oncology.12.。