2018届高三英语一模汇编----阅读理解C【黄浦区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.( C )①Australians have long been known for having a relaxed and casual attitude to life. According to Dr Tanya King, senior lecturer from Victoria’s Deakin University, “It’s Australians’egalitarianism, sense of humor and informal language that are most commonly mentioned as examples of this attitude”.②Egalitarianism roots in the way that the nation was built. In Australia’s founding era in the late 1700s, criminal settlers were often cruelly treated and robbed of their basic human rights by governors. The criminal class, who were mostly working-class Brits and Irish, was unable to seek civic positions that were reserved for immigrants who were not the criminal, with the latter arguing that i f criminals gained equal rights it would be ‘rewarding criminality’. Because of this, an egalitarian spirit was worn as a symbol of honor by many criminal settlers. They may not have had power, education or wealth, but they had a shared belief in equality.③The informal way Australians use language is also believed to root in criminal times. Philologist Sidney Baker once wrote that ‘no other class would have a better talent for creating new terms to fit in with their new conditions in life’. Cockney rhyming slang brought over by the British working class was abbreviated even further –so ‘have a Captains Cook’ (have a look), became ‘avacaptains’. This same practice was used to economize ordinary clauses. Words like ‘good day’ became ‘g’day’, and barbecue was‘barbie’.④The tough conditions of settler times also played a part in Australians’dry, self-criticizing and sarcastic （讽刺的）sense of humor. While in many countries it’s considered poor taste to find humor in difficult circumstances, Australians tend to look at the lighter side. On one road trip, as I hit the state line and entered Victoria, I drove past some blackened trees, the leftovers of a recent bush fire. A road sign warning drivers about wildlife was half-melted and bent, but the shape of a hopping kangaroo was still distinct. Behind the figure, someone had drawn flames making it look as though the animal’s tail was on fire. I couldn’t help but laugh – it was a brilliant reminder of the country’s‘nothing upsets us’ and anti-authoritarian attitude.⑤And one thing you can’t help but notice when driving around Australia is the country’s plentiful amounts of space. This, along with considerable leisure time plus favorable climate, all contribute to Australians’relaxed attitude.63. The underlined wor d “egalitarianism” is closest to __________ in meaning.A. criminality C. equality64. Which of the following is a feature of the way Australians use languageA. They use more slangs than other people.B. They give new meanings to existent words.C. They favour shortened forms of expressions.D. They coin terms in memory of criminal times.65. What can be inferred from paragraph 4A. Kangaroos’ living conditions are getting tougher.B. Forest fires threaten Australians’ life to a great extent.C. Potential danger is here and there on the roads in Victoria.D. Australians’ jokes may not be as careless as they seem on the surface.66. The passage mainly talks about __________.A. how the late 1700s impacted AustraliaB. why Australians enjoy casual life so muchC. what contributes to Australians’ relaxed lifestyleD. how Australians present their attitude towards life答案;63-66 CCDD【虹口区】Section BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Crude awakeningA battle between two energy exchanges[1] OPEN-OUTCRY trading is supposed to be an odd, outdated practice, rapidly being replaced by sleeker, cheaper electronic systems. Try telling that to the New York Mercantile Exchange(NYMEX), the world’s largest commodities exchange. On November 1st the NYMEX opened an open-outcry pit (公开叫价交易厅）in Dublin to handle Brentcrude futures（布伦特原油期货）, the benchmark （基准）contract for pricing two-thirds of the world’s oil.[2] The NYMEX is trying to grab liquidity from London’s International Petroleum Exchange (IPE), which trades the most Brent contracts; the New York exchange has so far concentrated on West Texas Intermediate, an American benchmark grade. The new pit is a response to the IPE’s efforts to modernise. On the same day as NYMEX traders started shouting Brent prices in Dublin, the IPE did away with its morning open-out cry session: now such trades must be electronic, or done in the pit after lunch.[3] The New York exchange claims that customers, such as hedge funds (对冲基金) or energy companies, prefer open-outcry because it allows for more liquidity. Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction, in commodity markets such as the NYMEX, pressure from “locals”--self-employed traders—is helping to support open-outcry, although some think that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems. Even the IPE has no plans to close its floor. Only last month it signed a rental agreement, lasting until2017, for its trading floor in London.[4] Dublin’s new pit is “showing promise”, says Rob Laughlin, a trader with Man Financial, despite a few technical glitches. On its first day it handled 5,726 lots of Brent(each lot, or contract, is 1,000 barrels), over a third of the volume in the IPE’ s new morning electronic session. By the year’s end, predicts Mr Laughlin, it should be clear whether the venture will be feasible. It would stand a better chance if it moved to London. It may yet: it started in Ireland because regulatory approval could be obtained faster there than in Britain.[5] In the long run having both exchanges offering similar contracts will be unsustainable (不可持续的). Stealing liquidity from an established market leader, as the NYMEX is trying to do, is a hard task. Eurex, Europe’s largest futures exchange, set up shop in Chicago this year, intending to grab American Treasury-bond contracts from the Chicago Board of Trade. It has made little progress. And the NYMEX has tried to get Brent contracts before, without success.[6] Given the importance of liquidity in exchanges, why do the IPE and the NYMEX not work together There have been talks about cooperation before, and something might yet happen. Some say that the freewheeling NYMEX and the more serious IPE could never mix. For now, in any case, the two exchanges will compete until one has won --across the Irish Sea as well as across the Atlantic.63. According to the text, the NYMEX and IPE are __________.A. both using open outcry trading as a major trading formB. partners that benefit each other in their business activitiesC. rivals that are competing in the oil trading marketD. both taking efforts to modernize their trading practice64. The word “glitches” in Line 2, Paragraph 4most probably means __________.A. backwardness C. engineers65. From Paragraph 4 we can infer that __________.A. trading volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session is fallingB. London is a better business location for energy exchanges than DublinC. Britain’s regulators are less efficient than those of IrelandD. the Dublin pit of the NYMEX will be more prosperous next year66. We can draw a conclusion from the text that__________.A. it’s very u nlikely that the NYMEX and the IPE could combine their businessesB. the NYMEX will fail in Ireland as many precedents have shownC. the two energy exchanges will figure out a way to cooperate with each otherD. the market environment for both energy exchanges is getting better答案：63-66: C D B A【浦东新区】Section BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information givenin the passage you have just read.C）Dental health: Brush with confidenceChildren should be taught to brush their teeth regularly. But the suspicion remains among some People, dentists included, that even so, certain children are doomed to develop dental cavities. The hypothesis behind this fear is that some combinations of genes may give rise to the sorts of oral bacteria which are responsible for cavities. If true, that would be sad for the youngsters concerned. But a study just published in Cell Host and Microbe, by Andres Gomez and Karen Nelson of the J. Craig Venter Institute, in San Diego, suggests it isn’t true.The mouth is home to many species of microbes. Most are good. Some, though, are well known to secrete acidic waste products when fed sugar. This acidity weakens teeth, causing them to decay. To try to find out whether a child’s genes play any role in encouraging such acid-secreting bugs, Dr. Gomez and Dr Nelson set up an experiment with twins.Their “volunteers” were 280 pairs of fraternal twins and 205 pairs of identical twins, all aged between five and 11, who had not taken antibiotics during the previous six months. The children were asked to stop brushing their teeth the evening and the morning before the crucial moment of data collection. This was when the researchers swabbed the children’s gingival sulci（the clefts between teeth and gums, in which bacteria collect）to find out what was there. The children also had their teeth scored by dentists as belonging to one of three categories: having no signs of current or previous dental cavities: having signs of current or previous cavities affecting the enamel（a tooth’s hard, outer layer）; or having signs of cavities that penetrated the enamel and affected the underlying dentine as well.Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson found that, though identical twins shared many groups of bacteria which were not shared by fraternal twins, none of these was a type responsible for cavities. Moreover, similarities in bacterial flora were greatest among five-to seven-year-olds, weaker among seven- to-nine-year-olds and weakest among nine-to 11-year-olds. This suggests that any role genes do play in regulating the mouth’s ecology fades with time.Far from supporting the idea that some children are fated to suffer from cavities no matter how well they brush their teeth, these results make it clear that the power to control the growth of the relevant bacteria is very much within reach of children and their parents. Brushing, however, may not be the only approach. Avoiding sugary foods is obviously de rigueur. It seems likely, though, that which other foods a child eats may help shape his oral ecosystem, too. This is an area of on going research. But, as in the intestines（肠道）, so in the mouth, scientific medicine is at last coming to grips with the fact that the mixture of microbes present is both important and capable of manipulation, to the benefit of the host.does “hypothesis” refer to in paragraph 1’s failure to brush their teeth properly leads to tooth decay.children are programmed to develop tooth decay.are suspicious of the effectiveness of tooth-brushing.are more likely to lead to dental cavites.Gomez and Dr Nelson conducted an experiment to find out .genes have anything to do with dental decaygroup of twins are more likely to have decayed teethkinds of foods tend to give rise to tooth decaythe ecosystem of the intestines is similar to that of the mouthof the following statements is UNTRUE according to the passageare not yet sure how ecosystem of the mouth is formed.role genes play in controlling ecosystem of the mouth weakens with the time.children are classified into three groups according to the degrees of dental cavities.twins are not as genetically close to each other as fraternal twins.can we learn from the last paragraphexistence of multiple microbes benefits children’s oral ecosystem.a child eats enhances the healthfulness of a child’s oral ecosystem.down on sugar intake is the most likely way to prevent tooth decay.are in no position to help their children maintain healthy oral ecosystem.答案：63-66 DADA【长宁区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Eachpassage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each ofthem there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits bestaccording to the information given in the passage you have just read.( C )Many United States companies have made the search for legalprotection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980, theUnited States International Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies(补贴) by foreigngovernments. Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped”their products in the United States at “less than fair value.”Even when nounfair practices are claimed, the simple claim that an industry has beeninjured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief(救济).Contrary to the general impression, this request for importrelief has hurt more companies than it has helped. As corporations begin tofunction globally, they develop a complicated web of marketing, production, andresearch relationships. The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikelythat a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all theunits under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the dangerthat foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companiesthe laws were designed to protect. Suppose a United States-owned companyestablishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitormakes the same product in the United States. If the competitor can prove injuryfrom the imports—and that the United States company received a subsidy from aforeign government to build its plant abroad—the United States company’sproducts will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would besubject to duties.Perhaps the mostshameful case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations(控诉) thatCanadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumpingrock salt, used to deice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that aforeign conglomerate（联合企业）with United States operations was cryingfor help against a United States company with foreign operations. The “UnitedStates”company claiming injury was a unit of a Dutch conglomerate, while the“Canadian”companies included a unit of a Chicago firm that was thesecond-largest domestic producer of rock salt.passage is chiefly concerned with_______________A. arguingagainst the increased internationalization of US corporationsB. warning thatthe application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequencesC. recommending auniform method for handling claims of unfair trade practicesD. advocating theuse of trade restrictions for "dumped" products but not for otherimports.can be inferred about the minimal basis for a complaint to the ITC____________.A. A foreign competitor is selling products in the US at less than fairmarket value.B. A foreign competitor has greatly increased the volume of productsshipped to the US.C. The company requesting import relief has been banned from exportingproducts.D. The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale ofimports in the US.is the function of the last paragraphA. It summarizes the discussion and suggests additional areas forresearch.B. It makes a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C. It uses a specific case to illustrate a problem in the previousparagraph.D. It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.of the following is most likely to be true of US trade lawsA. They will eliminate the practice of "dumping" products in theUS.B. Those applied to international companies will help to gain moreprofits.C. They will affect US trade with Canada more negatively than trade withother nations.D. Those helping one unit within a parent company won’t necessarily helpother units.答案：BDCD【徐汇区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Eachpassage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each ofthem there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits bestaccording to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)More than fivemillion different kinds of organisms(生物体) liveon the Earth. For thousands of years, humans have searched for ways to organizethis diversity(多样性). Inthe eighteenth century, a Swedish professor, physician, and naturalist namedCarolus Linnaeus developed the system of naming and classifying organisms thatwe use today. Linnaeuscontributed to the modern classification of organisms in two ways. He firstdeveloped a convention for naming life forms.Before Linnaeuscame up with a standardized system of naming, there were often many names for asingle species, and these names tended to be long and confusing. Linnaeusdecided that all species names should be in Latin and should have two parts,one indicating the genus(plural:genera), a group that includes similar species and one indicating the specificname of the species. When written alone, the specific name is meaningless sincemany different species in different genera have the same specific name. Thespecific name familiaris, for example, is commonly used to describe , when used by itself, it would not describe any one organism. Whenthe genus is also given, however, as in Canis familiaris, we know that thename refers to a specific organism: the domestic dog. Linnaeus was alsothe originator of modern taxonomy, a system of classifying nature based on hierarchical(分层的)groupings. Linnaeus first grouped life forms into three broad groups, calledkingdoms. These kingdoms were animals, plants, and minerals. He divided each ofthese kingdoms into classes, classes into orders, orders into genera (genus issingular) and then genera into species, grouping organisms according to sharedphysical characteristics. Although moderntaxonomists still use the hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s classificati onsystem as well as his method of grouping organisms according to observablesimilarities, they have added hierarchical levels and significantly changedLinnaeus’s original groupings. The broadest level of life is now a domain. Allliving things fit into only three domains. Within each of these domains thereare kingdoms. Each kingdom contains phyla (singular is phylum), followed byclass, order, family, genus, and species.In addition to theLinnaean kingdoms of plants and animals, biologists recognize prokaryotes, protists, and fungi asseparate kingdoms. The prokaryotesare the oldest and most abundant group of organisms. They are also the smallestcellular organisms. Common bacteria, which have been known to survive in manyenvironments that support no other form of life, fall into this category. The protist kingdom is made up of a varietyof single-celled or simple multicellular organisms. Protists do not have much in common. They are, essentially, thoseorganisms which do not fit into any other kingdom. Fungi compose a third kingdom. Like plants, the cells of fungi havecell walls,giving them a tube-like structure. However, fungi do not produce their own carbon as plants do. Rather, theyacquire nutrients by absorbing and digesting carbon produced by otherorganisms. Yeasts and mushrooms are examples of fungi.63. The writer gives the scientific name of thedomestic dog in paragraph 3 in order to __________.A. demonstrate Linnaeus’s method of classificationB. introduce the need for a better system of namingorganismsC. criticize the complexity of Linnaeus’s namingsystemD. illustrate the necessity of including two partswhen naming organism64. Which of the following can be learned fromthe passageA. The hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s system forclassifying i s no longer in use.B. Linnaeus’s original system of classificationconsisted of 3 domains.C. Linnaeus’s original system of classification isused today with little modifications.D. Modern taxonomists have added categories andregrouped organisms.65. Which of thefollowing is TRUE about protistsA. They do not share the characteristics of any of theother four kingdoms.B. They are grouped together based on similarcharacteristics.C. They are limited to single-cell organisms.D. They acquire nutrients by eating other organisms.66. Which of the following might be the besttitle of the passageA. The Father of Modern TaxonomyB. Classifying OrganismsC. Development in Life FormsD. Linnaeus’s Classification System答案：63-66 DDAB【闵行区】Section BDirections: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits bestaccording to the information given in the passage you have just read．(C)One of the main challenges facingmany countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalizationand the growing mult-language trend. “One of the main reasons for economicfailure in many Africa n countries is the fact that, with a few importantexceptions, mother-tongue education is not practiced in any of the independentAfrican states.” said Neville Alexander, Director of the Project for the Studyof Alternative Education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town.In response to the spread ofEnglish and the increased multi-language trends arising from immigration, manycountries have introduced language laws in the laws in the last decade. Insome, the use of languages other than the national language is banned in publicspaces such as advertising posters. One of the first such legal provisions wasthe 1994 “Toubon law” in France, but the idea has been copied in many countriessince then. Such efforts to govern language use are often dismissedas futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficultyin controlling fashions in speech and know from research that languageswitching among bilinguals is a natural process.It is especially difficult fornative speakers of English to understand the d esire to maintain the “purity” ofa language by law. Since the time of Shakespeare, English has continuallyabsorbed foreign words into its own language. English is one of the most mixedand rapidly changing languages in the world, but there has not been a barrierto acquiring prestige and power. Another reason for the failure of many nativeEnglish speakers to understand the role of state regulation is that it hasnever been the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. English has never had astate-controlled authority for the language, similar, for example, to theAcademic Francaise in France.The need to protect nationallanguages is, for most western Europeans, a recent phenomenon—especially theneed toensure that English does not unnecessarily take over too many communication, education and new modes of communication promoted bytechnology, may be key fields to defend.Alexander believes thateducation is not practiced in all African countrieshas resulted in the economic failure of Africahas led to the rise of multi-language trendsD. lackof mother-tongue education can lead to economic failure64. Theunderlined word “futile” (in paragraph 2) most probably means “ “.B. practical D. unnecessary65. Whydo many English-speaking countries not support the language protection efforts describedin the passageA. Theythink language protection laws are ineffective.B. Theywant their language to spread to other countries.C. Theyhave a long history of taking words from other languages.D. Itreduces a language’s a bility to acquire international importance.66. Whatcan we infer from the last paragraphA. Englishhas taken over fields like public communication and education.B. Manyaspects of national culture are threatened by the spread of English.C. Mostlanguage experts believe it is important to promote a national language.have long realized the need to protect their national languages.答案：DCCB【普陀区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Eachpassage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each ofthem there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits bestaccording to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Given how valuable intelligence and automation are, we will continue to improve our technology if we are at all able to. At a certain point, we will buildmachines that are smarter than weare. Once we have machines that are smarter than we are, they will begin toimprove themselves. And then we risk what the mathematician IJ Good called an “intelligenceexplosion”. The process could get out of control.The concern is really that we will build machines that are much morecompetent than we are. And the slightest divergence between their goals and our own could destroy us. Just think about howwe relate to ants. We don’t hate them. We don’t go out of our way to harm fact, sometimes we take pains not to harm them. We step over them on thesidewalk. But whenever their presence seriously conflicts with one of ourgoals, we will kill them without hesitation. The concern is that we will oneday build machines that, whether they’re conscious or not, could treat us withsimilar disregard.The bare fact is that we will continue to improve our intelligentmachines. We have problems that we desperatelyneed to solve. So we will do this, if we can. The train is already out of the station, and there’s no brake to pull. If we build machines that aremore intelligent than we are, they will very likely develop in ways that wecan’t imagine, and exceed us in ways that we can’t imagine.So imagine we hit upon a designof superintelligent AI that has no safety concerns. This machine would be the perfectlabor-saving device. It can design the machine that can build the machine which can do any physical work,powered by sunlight, more or less for the cost of raw materials. So we’retalking about the end of human labour. We’re also talking about the end of mostintellectual work. So wh at would apes like ourselves do in this circumstanceWhat would some nations do if they heard that some company in SiliconValley was about to deploy ( 配置) a superintelligent AI This machine wouldbe capable of starting war, whether terrestrial (陆地的)or cyber, with unbelievable power.Given that the companies and governments building superintelligent AIare likely to perceive(感知) themselves as being in a raceagainst all others, and that to win this race is to win the world, it seemslikely thatwhatever is easier to do will get done first unless it is destroyedin the next moment.But the moment we admit that information processing is the source ofintelligence, we have to admit that we are in the process of building some sortof god. Now would be a good ti me to make sure it’s a god we can live with.an intelligent machinebecomes smarter than humanity, .will make itself better andmay go beyond human controlwill help people to thefullest, especially in physical workwill threaten people byrobbing them of jobswill view itself as humanraceunderlined word“divergence” in Paragraph 2 almost means the same as “ ”.B. hatred D. disagreementis the passage mainlydevelopedmaking comparisons.showing valid evidence.giving assumptions.analyzing statistics.of the following is thebest title of the passagethe God’s sake, stop AI andbe yourselves!we build AI without losingcontrol over itor against AI, that is thequestion!does superintelligence servethe people答案：63-66 ADCB【金山区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by severalquestions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to theinformation given in the passage you have just read.(C)For many years, humans have tried to find thesecret to staying young. Although it has yet to be discovered, we may be closerthan ever to finding a way that can slow down the aging process.A recent study by researchers from DukeUniversity in the US found that cutting one’s daily intake of calories couldslow down biological aging, which means you might be able to hang on to youryouthful looks a little longer. Previous research has shown that calorierestrictions slow aging in worms, flies and mice. So researchers wondered if itcould have the same effect on people.To find out, Daniel Belsky and her teamexamined data from a study by the National Institute on Aging, based in the US,which involved 220 people. During the two-year study, 145 people in therestriction group cut their calorie intake by 25 percent. Meanwhile, 75 peoplein the control group maintained their normal diets.At the start of the study, the two groups hadno difference in biological age. The average participant was 38 years old, witha biological age of 37. However, after each 12-month period, participants inthe restriction group saw an increase in biological age by an average . Meanwhile, those in the control group saw a rise by an average years. The researchers believe the differencebetween these groups shows that cutting calories does slow biological aging. Although they didn’t explain the reasonbehind this, researchers at Brigham Young University in the US provided anexplanation after they carried out a similar study on mice.They believe fewer calories slow down amechanism in cells called the ribosome (核糖体),at least in mice. The mechanism is responsible for making vital proteins incells, but with fewer calories it slows down, giving it more time to repairitself.。