目录V ocabulary 1 (2)V ocabulary 2 (4)V ocabulary 3 (6)V ocabulary 4 (8)V ocabulary 5 (10)V ocabulary 6 (12)V ocabulary 7 (14)V ocabulary 8 (16)V ocabulary 9 (18)V ocabulary 10 (20)V ocabulary 11 (22)V ocabulary 12 (24)V ocabulary 13 (26)V ocabulary 14 (28)V ocabulary 15 (30)V ocabulary 16 (32)V ocabulary 17 (34)V ocabulary 18 (36)V ocabulary 19 (38)V ocabulary 20 (40)V ocabulary 21 (42)V ocabulary 22 (44)V ocabulary 23 (46)V ocabulary 24 (48)V ocabulary 25 (50)V ocabulary 26 (52)V ocabulary 27 (54)V ocabulary 28 (56)V ocabulary 29 (58)V ocabulary 30 (60)参考答案 (62)Vocabulary 1A team of researchers has used technology commonly built into smartphones tohelp predict people's personality typesThe scientists from RMIT University, Australia, collected data from devices known as accelerometers that detect motion in three dimensions. These are used by numerous applications ranging from motion-sensing games to health apps that track how many steps a user has taken in a day.Previously, scientists have been able to predict the personality types of phone users by looking at the frequency and length of phone calls that they make, or their messaging behavior. But accelerometer data can make these kinds of predictions even more ___31___.This is because research has shown that people with different personality types often ___32___ recognizable patterns of behavior when it comes to physical activity."Activity like how quickly or how far we walk, or when we pick up our phones up during the night, often follows patterns and these ___33___ say a lot about our personality type," Flora Salim, an author of the study, said in a statement.For the study, the team explored the issue by looking at the so-called Big Five personality types: extroversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness and neuroticism.The team found that people who displayed regular patterns of movement in the evenings on weekdays tended to be more introverted, while those who demonstrated more ___34___ patterns of movement were more extroverted.This could be explained by the fact that extroverts may meet up with different groups of people in the evenings or they are more open to unexpected plans.People who displayed more random patterns of activity and were busier on weekends and weekday evenings tended to be more agreeable—meaning they are friendly and compassionate.Meanwhile, females who ___35___ higher on neuroticism—i.e. they are more nervous and___36___ —tended to regularly move with their phones into the early hours of the morning.The researchers say that the results of this research could have several ___37___."There are applications for this technology in social media with friend recommendations, online dating ___38___ and targeted advertising, but I think the most exciting part is what we can learn about ourselves," Nan Gao, lead author of the study from RMIT, said in a statement."Many of our habits and behaviors are ___39___ but, when analyzed, they tell us a lot about who we really are so we can understand ourselves better, ___40___ social pressure to conform and to empathize with others," he said.Vocabulary 2There are more than10 million people in the world who are unable to speak. Like the young in the picture above, they rely on computerized devices to provide their voices. But because there are so few recorded voices ___31___, the same voice used by theoretical physicist and author Stephen Hawking is used by little children. When speech scientist Rupal Patel was at a conference and saw a young girl talking to a grown man and both were using the same synthetic computer voice, she knew something had to be done. There were hundreds of people at the conference who were unable to speak and they were using ___32___ voices that didn't fit their personalities or their bodies.The generic voice and lack of individualization really ___33___ a chord, so Patel worked to spearhead the funding and technology to create custom voices for custom people. The company is called VocaliD. To start the ___34___, a voice donor records a series of short stories and sentences. They don't record every single word a person might say, but they typically cover all the different combinations of sounds that occur in language. The process may take between five and seven hours, but it doesn't have to be done all at once and it can be done in the contributor's home. The voice donor can stop and start, picking up whenever it's ___35___. They're encouraged to record from the same place each time so the sound is ___36___. Those recordings are then divided into little snippets of speech to populate a database. The person who will receive the voice also records a few ___37___ sounds. The VocaliD team then searches the voice database for a perfect vocal match. That donated voice is infused with the donor's sounds. Combined, this makes a unique voice. So far, more than 14,000 speakers from more than 110 countries have ___38___ to what the company calls "TheHuman Voice bank." People who want to donate can record from any where they have a computer or phone, sharing their voice with anyone who needs it or even banking it for themselves."English speakers from all over the world share their voice as part of our Human Voicebank ___39___ because they want to help bring speech to the speechless," VocaliD spokesperson Elisabeth Nuboer tells MNN. "We have voice contributors from over 120 countries ___40___ in age from 6 to 91and welcome everyone and all their wonderful accents."Vocabulary 3Scientists have made the loudest sound humanly possible Think humans couldn't possibly make more of a racket than they already do? Scientists at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory beg to differ — in the noisiest way humanly possible. The team in Menlo Park, California, claims to have created the loudest sound ever recorded underwater— an ear-splitting blast that would make a rocket's roar sound like elevator musicAs you might ___31___, it required more than just banging a few seashells together — more like a battery of X-rays firing in short bursts at micro-jets of water. In a report published this month, the researchers say the resulting sonic siren exceeded 270 decibels (dB).Just how loud is that? A lawnmower revs up to around 90 dB; a Metallica concert might crack 120 dB. You don't have enough fingers to ___32___ in your ears at 150 dB. The sound —or more ___33___, sound pressure —was the result of shockwaves that formed when the X-ray laser ___34___ and vaporized the water jet. The shockwaves rippled through the jet, spawning copies of itself along the way, with each segment ___35___ between high and low sound pressures. Scientists gave that phenomenon the appropriately disco designation, "shockwave train." This groove continued until the ___36___ of the submerged sound literally reached a breaking point. That's when the water broke into vapor-filled bubbles that finally ___37___.It popped, literally, and ate itself. But what a trip it was. Researchers noted not only the skull-splitting sound pressure, but also the point at which sound appeared to reach its utmost limit underwater. The volume dial, they noted, can't be cranked much higher than 270 dB, at least underwater. In the air, sound may be even more limited. That's because, as David Szondy explains in New Atlas, sound is a "pressure wave." "At zero decibels, there is no pressure wave, but at the other end, the medium that the sound is traveling through starts to break down,so it can't get any louder. "It turns out water is a much sturdier medium than air for keeping it together under a barrage of sound. That's why a rocket can only roar so loud, while an underwater "shockwave train" can blow the doors off a submarine. But what do scientists learn from essentially banging all those pots and pans together? For one thing, a shockwave train is a powerful phenomenon that can shred more than just ears. The more scientists learn about it, the better they may be able to protect against it. When analyzed on an atomic ___38___, for instance, miniature samples can be torn apart by water jets. If those samples can be protected, they can be effectively analyzed. And ___39___, that can lead to new and more ___40___ drugs and medical treatment.And that may indeed be worth making some noise about.Vocabulary 4Irish teen wins Google Science Fair with project to remove microplasticsfrom waterGoogle Science Fair launched in 2011 as a way to challenge students around the globe to figure out solutions to some of the world's largest problems, and this year's winner focused on a problem we're still wrapping our arms around: microplastics. Fionn Ferreira, an 18-year-old Irish student, earned the $50,000 prize through a simple ___31___ to help the planet. He was one of 24 finalists from14 countries who went to Google headquarters to ___32___ their projects. Ferreira from West Cork, Ireland, developed a novel ___33___ to extracting microplastics from water, with the greater goal of creating a method to clean our oceans.You can explore Ferreira's science fair project at the Google Science Fair project page. Beyond the science, it explains his ___34___ for the project, which stems from growing up near the coast and his love of nature. He tested 10 different types of microplastic suspensions and found that he could remove 85% or more of the microplastic contents in his samples. Ultimately, a(n) ____35___ in the amount of plastic the world uses on a daily basis is the best solution, but this project proves there are new, ___36___ ways to clean the water we've already polluted.Lawmakers in Ireland ___37___ have plans to introduce legislation that will outlaw the sale, manufacturing, import and export of products containing microplastics. For his efforts, Ferreira was ___38___$50,000 in scholarship money. He would like to study chemistry or chemical engineering in Ireland or in Europe. He currently works as a curator at the local Schull Planetarium, is fluent in three languages, is a skilled trumpet player, and has won 12 science fair awards.As he described in his project page, it's the next step of the process that opens doors: "... winning a prize would give my project more attention and let it grow with mentorship to solve a real problem on the Earth. There is nothing I would like to see more than my project and idea to be used in real life ___39___ and I think a prize could do this."For any young scientists itching to ___40___ their own idea, your chance will come. The project submission window typically runs for a couple of months starting in September and ending in December. And as this year's callout to young scientists reminds us, every great idea starts somewhere.Vocabulary 5Deep Space Radiation Could Cause Memory Problems for Astronauts: Study Sending humans to Mars could leave astronauts with neurological problems, according scientists who studied mice in conditions which they claimed replicate deep space.The authors of the paper published in the journal eNeuro ___31___mice to what they described as a low dose of radiation of neutrons and photons over a six month period. They set the ___32___ at 18 Centigrays (the unit used to measure the dose of radiation absorbed) with a rate of 1 mGy/day over the course of the study.This appeared to change how the neurons in their hippocampus (which deals largely with memory) worked; and fiddled with nerve impulses on pathways in the hippocampus and cortex. What's more, behavioral tests showed the mice were left with learning and memory problems, and appeared more distressed and ___33___.The team argued the "spectrum of behavioral deficits" they saw in the mice "would clearly impair the abilities of astronauts needing to respond quickly, appropriately and ___34___ to unexpected situations that arise over the course of a mission to Mars."The team explained it was previously difficult to replicate and study the effects of radiation in deep space, but said they were able to use a new neutron irradiation facility which they claimed ___35___ the realistic low dose rates found in deep space. However, the authors were optimistic the risks wouldn't halt any plans for humans to visit Mars. "In the long term, the nature of the radiation environment in space will not deter our efforts to travel to Mars, but it may be the single biggest ___36___ humankind must resolve to travel beyond the Earth's orbit," they wrote.However, Professor Francis A. Cucinotta of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, who did not work on the new study, was skeptical of the findings and argued they could be "misleading."Cucinotta told Newsweek the radiation used was not ___37___ of the neutrons which occur in space, and the dose exceeded NASA's exposure limits 9-fold for females and 4-fold for older males."There is no way an astronaut would be exposed to this neutron energy source or the ___38___ dose used. It would violate NASA and other space agencies' dose limits," he said. Cucinotta also questioned why the authors used a strain of mice known to be ___39___ to cognitive changes.Getting to the red planet ___40___ traveling for two years in an environment with high levels of radiation. ESA Director General Jan Wörner recently commented: "So far, we have no spacecraft where humans within would survive that."Vocabulary 6Earth's Tectonic(构造) Plates Began Moving Around 2.5 Billion Years AgoResearchers have produced a new estimate for the origin of Earth's plate tectonics—the movement of large chunks of the planet's outer layer, or crust.Although there is broad consensus that plate tectonics have played a significant role in our planet's geology during the last billion years or so, when exactly this ___31___ emerged and how it has evolved through time are two of the most significant and hotly debated questions in Earth sciences today, according to a study published in the journal Nature.Now a team, led by Robert Holder from Baltimore's Johns Hopkins University, has estimated that plate tectonics began to develop around 2.5 billion years ago in a finding that could have significant ___32___ for how we understand our planet's geological history.Some previous studies have suggested that plate tectonics started much earlier in Earth's history, whereas others ___33___ that such processes began only about 0.7 billion years ago."One of the key ways to understand how Earth has evolved to become the planet that we know is plate tectonics," Holder said in a statement.The theory of plate tectonics can explain the ___34___ and break-up of supercontinents, how mountain ranges and major mineral ___35___ form, and the existence of volcanoes and earthquakes.There is even a school of thought that suggests plate tectonics were ___36___ to the evolution of life because the process helps regulate a planet's temperature over long time periods—although it should be noted that this view has been challenged by some scientists.For the latest study, the scientists investigated so-called "metamorphic rocks" from 564 sites around the world that have formed over the past 3 billion years.According to the United States Geological Survey, metamorphic rocks are those that have been ___37___ changed over time from their original form by being ___38___ to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids, or often, a combination of these factors.These kinds of conditions are found deep within the Earth at the meeting points between tectonic plates. Studying metamorphic rocks can ___39___ the depth and temperature at which they formed, which in turn can help shed light on the history of Earth's plate tectonics.The researchers determined the temperatures and depths at which the rocks they were studying formed to build up a picture of past conditions over time, leading them to the ___40___ that plate tectonics began to develop around 2.5 billion years ago "The framework for much of our understanding of the world and its geological processes relies on plate tectonics," Holder said. "Knowing when plate tectonics began and how it changed impacts that framework."Vocabulary 7Has Binance Been Hacked? Crypto Exchange Probing Alleged Leak of UserDataOne of the world's biggest cryptocurrency exchanges says it has launched an investigation after an "unidentified individual" threatened to leak a trove of its customer data.Binance, which ranks as the top exchange by volume traded, said in a company statement today that the individual had demanded 300 bitcoin—the equivalent of more than $3 million—to halt the ___31___ of 10,000 photos showing "know your customer" data from the organization.KYC, which stands for Know Your Customer, are images obtained by the ___32___ to verify the identities of its users. Such data can include ID cards, driving licenses and face scans.The cryptocurrency exchange has said the files appear to be linked to a previously-known batch of images that were first ___33___ in January last year. At the time, a vast array of KYC data was listed for sale on the dark web, ___34___ taken during a breach of a third-party vendor. In this instance, Bianace says a probe is underway but the files lack a digital watermark its uses."We would like to inform you that an unidentified individual has threatened and harassed us, demanding 300 BTC in exchange for withholding 10,000 photos that ___35___ similarity to Binance KYC data," the firm said in a release today informing the community of the situation."We are still investigating this case for legitimacy and ___36___. After refusing to cooperate and continuing with this extortion, this individual has begun ___37___ the data to the public."Based on screenshots and videos that emerged on social media, it appears that ___38___ images are being spread in part via Telegram, a chat application that offersencrypted communications. The exact source of the KYC images, old or not, remains unclear at the time of writing.One hacker claiming to be responsible for the leak told CoinDesk, a news website, that tens of thousands of KYC files may be released. The outlet reported that it had verified Binance user ID images, dated from 2018. The stolen data is "directly related" to a major Binance hack last year, CoinDesk reported. At the time, Newsweek noted how 7,000 bitcoin had been plundered.In today's statement, Bianance attempted to distance itself from blame."There are inconsistencies when comparing this data to the data in our system," Binance said. "No evidence has been supplied that indicates KYC images have been obtained from Binance, as these images do not contain the digital watermark imprinted by our system. Our ___39___ team is hard at work pursuing all possible leads in an ___40___ to identify the source of these images."Vocabulary 8Yellowstone Supervolcano Mantle(覆盖层) Extends All the Way to California The mantle rock that feeds Yellowstone supervolcano extends all the way to California and Oregon, a scientist has claimed. Victor Camp, a geologist from San Diego State University found there are "finger-like conduits" of mantle that ___31___ westwards, providing magma to distant sites including the volcanic fields of Newberry and Medicine Lake.Camp also said the mantle rock that sits beneath Yellowstone today appears to have come from the core-mantle boundary that sits deep beneath present-day San Diego. His findings are published in the journal Geology.Earth is made up of three main layers—the crust, which is the thinnest layer, the mantle, which extends from 62 miles under the surface all the way down to over 1,600 miles, and finally the core. The mantle is made of hot molten rock.Mantle plumes rise up because they are hotter and lower-density than the ___32___ rock. The plume feeding Yellowstone ___33___ up and met the base of the North American tectonic plate, where it was ___34___. At this point, the plume melted and started spreading west.By using seismic tomography images, ___35___ with data on the volcanic rock at the surface and chemistry, Camp was able to then ___36___ this rock. He found that over millions of years, it spread out through narrow channels, ___37___ into new branches as it left Yellowstone and again as it got to the ___38___ of California and Oregon.Camp suggests that over the last two million years, the mantle rock that travels along these routes were responsible for eruptions at the Craters of the Moon lava flow field in Oregon. These conduits end at the Medicine Lake volcano in California and Newberry Volcano in Oregon."These channels have allowed low-density mantle to ___39___ against the Cascades arc, thus providing a heated mantle source for mafic magmatism in the Newberry (Oregon) and Medicine Lake (California) volcanic fields," the study concludes.Camp said the findings can help scientists better understand how mantle rock moves around deep beneath the surface of supervolcanoes. "Since the plume is not controlled by plate tectonics, it can rise and emerge anywhere on earth, depending on where it manages to break through the earth's surface," he said in a statement. "So, knowing this will help us understand supereruptions that have ___40___ before, and those that will occur in the future."Vocabulary 9Meet Heracles Inexpectatus: The Giant Prehistoric Parrot Researchers have discovered an extinct species of bird in New Zealand which they say is the heaviest known parrot to have ever lived.Known as Heracles inexpectatus, the bird may have grown to just over 1 meter (3.3 feet) in height and weighed around 7 kilograms (15 pounds,) according to a study published in the journal Biology Letters.Its name refers to Heracles—a figure in Greek mythology who is known for his adventures with large mythical beasts—and the unexpected nature of the bird's discovery. "Heracles, as the largest parrot ever, no doubt with a massive parrot beak that could crack wide open anything it ___31___, may well have dined on more than conventional parrot foods, perhaps even other parrots," Mike Archer, from the University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, said in a statement.The fossils were found at a well-known site in the Central Otago region of New Zealand's South Island in a deposit that dates back to around 19 million years ago—a time when the area would have ___32___ a subtropical climate."This was a very different place with a fauna very unlike that which ___33___ into recent times," Vanesa De Pietri, from the Canterbury Museum, said in the statement. As well as numerous other species of fossil birds, the area is rich in the ___34___ of ancient crocodiles, turtles, bats, and other animals."We have been excavating these fossil ___35___ for 20 years, and each year reveals new birds and other animals," Trevor Worthy, from Flinders University, said in the statement."While Heracles is one of the most spectacular birds we have found, no ___36___ there are many more unexpected species yet to be discovered in this most interesting deposit," he said.The researchers say that Heracles likely lived in subtropical forests which were rich in laurels, palms and podocarp trees."Undoubtedly, these provided a rich ___37___ of fruit important in the diet of Heracles and the parrots and pigeons it lived with," Suzanne Hand, also from UNSW Sydney, said in the statement. "But on the forest floor Heracles competed with adzebills and the forerunners of moa."Heracles belongs to a group of ancient parrots native to New Zealand, which includes the kakapo—a critically ___38___ flightless bird which still exists in the country. The kakapo is the heaviest parrot alive today although it is about half the weight of Heracles.Kakapo are nocturnal parrots that live on the ground and are found only in New Zealand. They are ___39___ endangered, with only 144 known individuals remaining, all of which are named.Like many birds that are native to one island—or a set of islands—the kakapo has a number of unusual characteristics. For example, it is the only flightless parrot and researchers think it may be one of the world's longest-lived birds. In fact, the oldest known kakapo—dubbed "Richard Henry" after a(n) ___40___ conservationist—is thought to have died at the grand old age of 80.Vocabulary 10A supermassive black hole with a mass 40 billion times that of the Sun has potentially been discovered in a galaxy cluster that sits about 700 million light years from Earth. If confirmed, this would be the largest supermassive black hole in the local universe—a region spanning about one billion light years in radius.Holm 15A is a bright cluster galaxy with an unusually depleted core—its central region appears to be far fainter than any other early-type galaxy that has been modeled in ___31___, researchers led by Kianusch Mehrgan, from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Germany, explained in a paper posted to the preprint server .In the study, which has not yet been peer reviewed but has been submitted to The Astrophysical Journal, the team used the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (VLT)'s to make new ___32___ of Holm 15A's depleted core.In doing so, they discovered a supermassive black hole with a mass 40 million times that of the Sun. To put that into ___33___, Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, is 4.6 million times the mass of our Sun."This is the most massive black hole with a direct ___34___ detection in the local universe," the scientists wrote about Holm 15A. They said this is four to nine times bigger than expected given the ___35___ of the galaxy it sits in, and that it could have been produced through a merger of two elliptical galaxies whose cores had already been depleted.The circumstances that led to the ___36___ of the supermassive black hole in Holm 15A are "probably rare," the researchers said, however it shows black holes of this size can exist.Professor Andrew Coates, from University College London's Department of Space and Climate Physics, who was not ___37___ in the study, told Newsweek: "This is a ___38___ observation of an extremely massive black hole at 40 billion solar masses. This makes it the most massive in our region of the universe, and one of the most massive ever found."Researchers used data from NASA's Chandra X-ray to find a group of "ultramassive" black holes in 72 galaxies 3.5 billion light years. They found that half of the black holes ___39___ had a mass ten billion times bigger than our Sun."We have discovered black holes that are far larger and way more massive than anticipated," study author Mar Mezcua, from Spain's Institute of Space Sciences, said in a statement. "Are they so big because they had a head start or because certain ___40___ conditions allowed them to grow more rapidly over billions of years? For the moment, there is no way for us to know."。