probably because students are not familiar with the 11 of the little wooden huts dotted all over the islands of the Spizbergen group.Each hut 12 has an inner and an outer door, shutters over the windows, a store of wood 13 up outside, dry chopped wood inside, utensils and cutlery, and above all, a small store of food. All these things must be completely in 14 whenever the hut is left.It makes no 15 if it is only the middle of July. That 16 hut may not be visited again before the winter. A door left open can lead either to snow filling up the hut to the ceiling, or 17 still, wind blowing the roof off. Unfastened shutters leave the windows an easy prey for polar bears 18 for food and the result is again snow in the hut. The ready-chopped wood is also very important.A traveler visiting the hut in the middle of the dark time and perhaps in bad weather, his feet, hands and face bitten by the frost, will have his difficulties doubled if the wood he left has been used up by others and he had nothing with which to19 a fire.Ten or more years ago there were enough hunters to look after most of the huts, but now many buildings have become useless because there is no one to repair them and because of 20A. worseB. peculiarC. laidD. lightE. generallyF. orderG. particularH. conventionsI. carelessness J．difference K. built L. fashionsM. searching N. ordinarily O. resultUnit SevenPassage 2Most of us trade money for entertainment. Movies, concerts and shows are enjoyable but 11 .If you think that you can't have a good time without spending a lot of money, read on. A little resourcefulness and a few minutes ofnewspaper-scanning should give you some pleasant surprises.People may be the most interesting show in a large city. 12 through busy streets and see what everybody else is doing. You will probably see people from all over the world; you will 13 see people of every age, size, and shape, and you'll get a free fashion show, too. Window-shopping is also a 14 sport if the stores are closed.Check the listings in your neighborhood paper. Local colleges or schools often 15 the public to hear an interesting speaker or a good 16 . The film or concert series at the local public library probably won't cost you a penny. Be sure to check commercial advertisements too. A flea market can provide hours of pleasant looking round. Perhaps you can find a free cooking or crafts 17 in a department store.Plan ahead for some activities. It is always more pleasant not to have people in front of you in a museum or at a zoo. You may save some money, too, since these places often 18 aside one or two free 19 days at slow times during the week. Make sure that you are including the indispensable 20 that people travel miles to see. If you feel like taking an interesting walk, find a free walking tour, or plan one yourself.A. expensiveB. WonderC.debateD. admissionE. setF. WanderG.safeH. additionI. valuable J. dispute K.welcome L. confidentlyM. sights N. demonstration O.certainlyUnit EightPassage 2When a person feels low, blue, or down in the clumps, it usually means he has been hurt, disappointed, or saddened by something that causes a confused and listless feeling. There is 11 a type of music called "the blue", a low, mournful, sad sound to 12 these universal human feelings.Depression is another name for this mood. Feeling depressed is a normal and natural 13 to experiences of loss, failure, and undeserved bad luck. Indeed, it has been pointed out that without depression, we would 14 much of the world's great tragic literature, music, and art.In some cases, however, depression becomes something more than just 15 feelings of blues or letdown. A large number of people suffer from what psychiatrists call "depressive illness. " Depressive illness is more 16 and lasts longerthan common listless feelings. Sometimes a serious 17 of depression can begin with the loss of a loved one or a change of job. Many times, in very18 cases, there doesn't seem to be any circumstance serious enough to have caused the depression.Some psychiatrists suggest that the key feature in depression is change. The person becomes different from the way before the onset of his depression. He may even become the opposite of his usual self. There are many examples: the businessman who becomes a wanderer, the mother who wants to 19 her children and herself. Instead of seeking satisfaction and pleasure, the depressed person 20 it.E. informF. invitationG. advanceH. absenceI. heavily J. associate K. expected L. assumesM. habitual N. arise O. communicatesUnit ElevenPassage 2Personality is, to a large extent, inherent—A-type parents, usually bring about A-type children. But the environment must also have a 11 effect, wince if competition is important to the parents it is likely to become a major 12 in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools 13 the " win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current 14 for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being 15 keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying; "cheers, we conquer!"By far the worst form of competition in schools is the extreme 16 on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to 17 on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat 18 , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither 19 nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to 20 a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.A. enoughB. fitC. emphasisD. practicalE. innumerableF. concentrateG. adoptH. questionableI. profound J. factor K. too L. substanceM. passion N. emotion O. fixUNIT 12Passage 2As the 11 of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often 12 to be. A certain amount of stress is 13 to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor 14 and ill health.The amount of stress a person can 15 depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are 16 prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of 17 difficulties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight" and in more primitive days the choices made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so 18 , but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued 19 to stress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress. Since we cannot 20 stress from our lives(it would be unwise to do so even if we could) , we need to find ways to deal with it.A. cancelB. paceC. extremeD. automaticallyE. removeF. vitalG. performanceH. supposedI. rate J. exposure K. achievement L. unusualM obviously N withstand O harshUnit ThirteenPassage 2What is your favorite color? Do you like yellow, orange, red? If you do, you must be an optimist, a leader, an active person who 11 life, people and excitement. Do you prefer greys and blues? Then you are probably quiet, shy, and you would rather follow than lead. You 12 to be a pessimist. At least, this is what psychologists tell us, and they should know, because they have been seriously studying the meaning of color preference, as well as the effect that colors have on human beings. They tell us, among other 13 , that we do not choose our favorite color as we grow up—we are born with our preference. If youE. commandF. consultedG. manualH. approximatelyI. concerned J. advantage K. multiple L. accordinglyM. individual N. embrace O. qualityUnit SixteenPassage 2If you are looking for information, library shelves are a good place to start. But if you need up-to-the-minute data or have specialized needs, you may find a computerized database more useful, less expensive, and less time 11 .A database, a file of information on one subject or family of subjects, can be stored and 12 in a computer's memory. The speed of the computer then 13 you to recall any item in this file almost 14The three main types of databases are statistical, bibliographic, and full text. Statistical databases store 15 amounts of numerical data, such as wage and price indexes, census information, foreign 16 rates and bond prices. Bibliographic databases store references to and summaries of articles in periodicals and newspapers. Full-text databases offer the complex texts of such 17 as newspaper, magazine, and journal articles.Thousands of databases exist today, and their numbers are growing. Many companies have their in-house database, which is 18 to employees through computer terminals or microcomputers. In addition, several hundred commercial databases are now available to the 19 , with literally millions of items of information readily obtainable. These databases 20 specific fields, such as law and financial forecasting, or general information, such as sports and weather data.A. exchangeB. publicC. instantlyD. coverE. enablesF. consumingG. remainedH. materialsI. hide J. intensively K. vast L. communicationsM. exhausting N. accessible 0. maintainedUnit SeventeenPassage 2No one knows exactly how many disabled people there are in the world, but 11 suggest the figure is over 450 million. The number of disabled people inIndia 12 is probably more than double the total population of Canada.In the United Kingdom, about one in ten people have some disability. Disability is not just something that happens to other people: as we get older, many of us will become less 13 , hard of hearing or have failing eyesight. Disablement can take many forms and occur at any time of life. Some people are born with disabilities. Many others become disabled as they get older. There are many 14 disabling diseases. The longer time goes on, the worse they become. Some people are disabled in accidents. Many others may have a period of disability in the form of a mental illness. All are affected by people's attitude towards them.Disabled people face many 15 barriers. Next time you go shopping or to work or to visit friends, imagine how you would 16 if you could not get up steps, or on to buses and trains. How would you cope if you could not see where you were going or could not hear the traffic? But there are other barriers; 17 can be even harder to break down and ignorance 18 represents by far the greatest barrier of all. It is almost impossible for the able-bodied to fully appreciate what the severely disabled go through, so it is important to 19 attention to these barriers and show that it is the individual person and their ability, not their disability, which 20A. inevitablyB. evaluationsC. estimatesD. manageE. aloneF. countsG. prejudiceH. physicalI. mobile J. indifferently K. withdraw L. progressiveM. regular N. accounts O. drawUnit EighteenPassage 2Social customs and ways of behaving change. Things which were considered impolite many years ago are now11 . Just a few years ago, it was 12 impolite behavior for a man to smoke on the street. No man who thought of himself as being a gentleman would make a 13 of himself by smoking when a lady was in a room. Customs also differ from country to country. Does a man walk on the left or the right of a woman in your country? Ordoesn't it 14 ? What about table manners? Should you use both hands when you are eating? Should you leave one in your lap, or on the table?The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also 15 a large number of social customs. For example, in both America and England people shake hands when they meet each other for the first time. Also, most Englishmen will open a door for a woman or offer their seat to a woman, and so will most Americans. 16 is important both in England and in America. That is, if a dinner invitation is for 7 o'clock, the dinner guest either arrives 17 to that time or calls up to explain his 18The important thing to remember about social customs is not to do anything that might make other people feel uncomfortable— 19 if they are your guests. There is an old story about a man who gave a formal dinner party. When the food was served, one of the guests started to eat his peas with a knife. The other guests were amused or shocked, but the20 calmly picked up his knifeand began eating in the same way.A. especiallyB. attainableC. closeD. delayE. consideredF. hostG. deliveryH. PreparationI. share J. fool K. specifically L. acceptableM. matter N. Promptness 0. careUnit NineteenPassage 2The economy of the United States after 1952 was the economy of a well-fed, almost fully employed people. Despite 11 alarms, the country escaped any postwar depression and lived in a 12 of boom. An economic survey of the year 1955, a typical year of the 1950's, may be typical as 13 the rapid economic growth of the decade. The national output was 14 at 10 percent above that of 1954(1955 output was estimated at 392 billion dollars). The production of manufactures was about 40 percent more than it had 15 in the years immediately following World War I . The country's business spent about 30 billion dollars for new factories and machinery. National income 16 for spending was almost a third greater than it had been in 1950. Consumers spent about 256 billion dollars; that is about 700 million dollars a day, or about twenty-five million dollars every hour, all round the 17 . Sixty-five million people held jobs and only a little more than two million wanted jobs but could not find them. Only agriculture 18 that it was not sharing in the boom. To some observers this was a sad reflection of the mid-1920's. As farmers' share of their products 19 , marketing costs rose. But there were, among the observers of the national economy, a few who were not as confident as the majority. Those few seemed to fear that the boom could not last long and would20 lead to the opposite—depression.A. eventuallyB. averagedC. graduallyD. stateE. valuedF. formG. declinedH. occasionalI. casual J. argued K. descended L. complainedM. clock N. available O. illustratingUnit TwentyPassage 2Growth of trade will depend greatly on availability of energy sources. There may still be a trillion barrels of recoverable oil in the Middle East. But the oil crisis of 1974 has 11 to renewed interest in coal and to a search for12 sources of energy. Solar, geothermal, and nuclear energy will play a large role in the years to come.Solar energy is available in 13 forms. Buildings can be heated and cooled by direct use of solar radiation, crops and trees, which are the most efficient converters of sunlight into energy, can be grown for their energy potential, wastes can be burned as 14 , sunlight can be converted into DC (direct current) electricity, electric power can be 15 from the sun-warmed surface waters of the ocean, and lastly, solar radiation can be converted into heat that will drive electric power generators. Serious problems still remain as to 16 and storage of solar energy.Geothermal energy is the energy contained within the earth. Heat is abundantly available deep in the earth's core and is constantly being produced. However, this heat is usually located at too deep a level for 17 exploitation. In short, very little is known on the use of geothermal energy, and it has 18 been exploited.Nuclear energy is produced in nuclear power plants. At these plants atoms of uranium are split, thus 19masses of energy. Another source of energyE. stronglyF. figureG. comeH. significantI. exactly J. increase K. proposals L. turnM. purposes N. varieties O. seriousUnit Twenty-EightPassage 2The birth of computers has brought with it a new set of opportunities for mischief and crime. Today, computers are easy to come by and many people know how computer technology 11 . More importantly, the growing use of computer networks can multiply the violation of security, making large numbers of people more vulnerable than would be the case if they were using 12 , stand-alone computers.What's more, computer experts agree that—despite recent widespread publicity-computer viruses are 13 one of the many computer security problems facing the nation.The U. S. Defense Advanced Research Project Agency has requested that the Research Council's Science and Technology Board 14 the security problems posed by computer technology, see what 15 may already exist, review research efforts 16 at avoiding security problems in the future, and evaluate existing policies 17 to computer security. The study committee will examine the 18 of security for a broad spectrum of users, including the business, national security, and academic communities, as well as the 19 public.David. Clark, senior research scientist, Laboratory for Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, will chair the 20 of experts inelectronic security, net-work security, computer law, software engineering ? and operating systems. The committee will also include computer users from the defense and banking industries.A. onlyB. worksC. solutionsD. generalE. issueF. fundamentallyG. universalH. assessI. aimed J. single K. committee L. generatesM. relevant N. question O. communityUnit Twenty-NinePassage 2Leonardo da Vinci was the first man to suggest that growing trees add a new ring in their trunks each year. The11 in these rings relates to the physical conditions which the tree experiences. Thus, trees grown in a 12 area and time each develop a pattern or configuration of their rings.This 13 was of little significance until Andrew E. Douglas began to study tree rings in Arizona in 1900. Using a technique called cross dating, he was able to employ tree rings to the study of archaeological sites and date the ruins with 14 . Some were as old as 6700 B. C. ! This study of tree rings is called dendrochronology.In time the cross dating was 15 by a carbon 14 process. This approach measured the amount of carbon 14 radiating from a piece of wood and 16 to determine the age of that wood. Further use of the carbon 14 technique has shown that the radiation process is more complex and less 17 than had been at first thought.The most 18 aspect of tree ring research is now called dendroclimatology. This 19 of the reconstruction of climates and climatic cycles and events from the evidence found in the tree rings. From this it is hoped that a 20 of drought cycles can be determined in the American Southwest. Such information will be of great help in determining the life and ecology of that region of the United States.A. thusB.modelC.variationD.conceptE. accuracyF.excitingG.consistsH.givenI. proposition poses K.further L.patternM. supplemented N.reliable O.excellentUnit ThirtyPassage 2Gary Finkle had his backbone severely 11 in a swimming-pool accident seven years ago. A heavy-set, bearded man of 27, he is one of thousands of Americans who have lost 12 all feeling and movement from their shoulders down. He lives with his wife, Micky, and a female monkey named Jo outside the village of Andes, N. Y.Gary is a participant in a remarkable 13 called Helping Hands: Simian Aides for the disabled. The nonprofit organization 14 the disabled with trained monkeys that reduce the disabled person's 15 on family, friends and hired attendants.To find this out, 15,000 12 persons were followed up to their thirty-fifth year with results:On adult intelligence tests, they 13 as high as they had as children. They were, as a group, in good 14 , physically and mentally. 84 percent of their group were married and seemed 15 with their lives.About 70 percent had graduated from college, though 30 percent had graduated with honors. A few had even 16 out, but nearly half of these had returned to graduate.Of the men, 80 percent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs. The women who had remained single had office, business, or professional occupation.The group had 17 90 books and 1,500 articles in scientific, scholarly, and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents.In a material way they did not do 18 either. Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a 19 , despite their comparative youth.In fact, far from being strange, most of the gifted were turning their early 20 into practical reality.A. madlyB. subjectedC. shapeD. learnedE. wholeF. droppedG. publishedH. promiseI. scored J. content K. gifted L. healthM. badly N. retreated O. objectedUnit Forty-OnePassage 2Considered as a continuous body of fluid, the atmosphere is another kind of ocean. Yet, in 11 of the total amount of rain and snow on land areas in the course of a year, one of the most 12 facts is the very small amount of water in the atmosphere at any given 13 . The volume of the lower seven miles of the atmosphere—the realm of weather events—is 14 four times the volume of the world's oceans. But the atmosphere 15 very little water. It is chiefly in the form of 16 vapor, some of which is carried over land by air currents. If all vapor 17 fell, it would form a layer only about one inch thick. A heavy rainstorm on a given area may use up only a small percentage of the water from the air mass that passes over.How, then, can some land areas receive more than 400 inches of rain per year? How can several inches of rain fall during a single storm in a few minutes or hours? The answer is that rain-yielding air masses are in 18 , and as the driving air mass moves on, new mist air takes its place.The basic source of most water vapor is the ocean. Evaporation, vapor transport, and rainfall make up the 19 movement of water from ocean to atmosphere to land and back to the sea. Rivers return water to the sea. In an underground area of the cycle, flowing bodies of water 20 some waterdirectly into rivers and some directly to the sea.A. containsB. viewC. discardD. movementE. timeF. amazingG. continuousH. roughlyI. amusing J. motion K. rudely L. visionM. invisible N. suddenly O. dischargeUnit Forty-TwoPassage 2Nowadays, the standard for measuring power has changed. These changes foretell a new standard for measuring power. No longer will a nation's political influence be based 11 on the strength of its military forces. Of course, military 12 will remain a primary measure of power. But political influence is also closely 13 to industrial competitiveness. It's often said that without its military the Soviet Union would really be a third-world 14 . The new standard of power and influence that is evolving now places more emphasis on the ability of a country to 15 effectively in the economic markets of the world.America must recognize this new course of events. Our success in shaping world events over the past 40 years has been the direct result of our ability to adapt 16 and to take advantage of the capabilities of our people for the purpose of maintaining peace. Our industry over most of this period was 17 .It is ironic that it is just this industry that has enabled other countries to prosper and in turn to threaten our industrial leadership.The competitiveness of America's industrial base is an issue bigger than theDepartment of Defense and is going to require the efforts of the major 18forces in our society—government, industry, and education. That is not to say__________________________________________________Unit Forty-NinePassage 2John Hunter had three advantages. He had a brother who was a doctor and he was thus able to learn about 11 and their effects. His 12 curiosity led him to observe and study the lives of wild animals in the countryside and he had strong and skillful hands, so 13 to a surgeon. In fact he became in a short time so famous that he was asked to lecture, but John 14 the practical work of the surgeon.Soon after becoming a surgeon Hunter joined the army. He learnt a great deal from his 15 of dealing with soldiers' wounds. In particular, he studied how to 16 a wounded man from bleeding too much, learning thereby how the nerve system 17 in the bodies of animals and humans. But there were many things he did not know about and which could only be learnt by dissection. And this came to be a problem.The Christian church whose authority was complete on many matters frowned on dissection. Surgeons had to paygrave-diggers to steal bodies for dissection. Hunter once paid $ 7, 000 for the body of an eight-foot Irishman whose skeleton can 18 be seen in the Royal College of Surgeons' museum. To be a surgeon was thought so 19 an occupation that many operations were carried out by barbers.But Hunter continued with his 20 , all the time learning more about how our bodies worked, and he found new ways of operating on people so as to save both their limbs and their lives.A. alreadyB. preferredC. experienceD. inferiorE. functionedF. diseasesG. efficientH. stillI. essential J. experiments K. prevent L. naturalM. prevailed N. explanation O. referredUnit FiftyPassage 2Some years ago industries had more freedom than they have now, and they did not need to be as careful as they must today. They did not need to worry a lot about the safety of the new products that they 11 . They did not have to pay much attention to the health and safety of the people who worked for them. Often new products were 12 for the people who used them; often conditions in the work place had very bad 13 on the health of the workers.Of course 14 there were real disasters which attracted the attention of governments and which showed the need for changes. Also scientists who were doing research into the health of workers sometimes produced information which governments could not 15 . At such times, there were inquiries into the 16 of the disasters or the problems. New safety rules were often17 as a result of these inquiries; however, the new rules came too late to protect the people who died or who became18 ill.Today many governments have special departments which protect 19 and workers. In the U. S. , for example, there is a department which tests new airplanes and gives warnings about possible problems. It also makes the rules that aircraft producers must 20 . Another department controls the foods anddrugs that companies sell. A third department looks at the places where people work, and then reports any companies that are breaking the laws which protect the health and safety of workers.A. effectsB. followC. necessarilyD. regulateE. dangerousF. developedG. effortsH. seriouslyI. introduced J. causes K. sometimes L. customersM. invented N. technicians O. ignore级考试15选10专项训练答案(包含大学英语四级考试仔细阅读专项训练答案)Unit one11. L 12. M 13. A 14. C 15. G 16. F17. E 18. N 19. H 20. I 21. B 22. A 23. D 24. B 25. D 26. C27. A 28. C 29. D 30. BUnit TwoII. K 12. L 13. J 14. F 15. E 16. C17. A 18. N 19. D 20. H 21. B 22. C 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. A27. D 28. A 29. A 30. AUnit ThreeII. E 12. I 13. F 14. K 15. G 16. D17. L 18. J 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. D 26. A27. A。