CHAPTER 1 二、本章练习解析1．Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order.列出构成语法单位的层次顺序Answer: The grammatical units that form a hierarchical order are explained and shown as follows:Higher A text consists of one or more sentences 篇章由一个或多个句子构成由 A sentence consists of one or more clauses 句子由一个或多个分句构成高 A clause consists of one or more phrases 分句由一个或多个词组构成到 A phrase consists of one or more words 词组由一个或多个词构成低 A word consists of one or more morphemes 词由一个或多个词素构成Lower A morpheme 词素2．Define morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, morph and allomorph.定义词素、自由词素、黏附词素、词素形式及词素变体。
（答案见本章考核重点）3．Distinguish root, stem and base as morphological terms. 区分形态学术语词根、词干及词基（答案见本章考核重点）4. What are the semantic and functional differences between a prefix and a suffix ?前缀和后缀的语义和功能区别是什么？A prefix is attached before a base (as in dislike and inexperienced). A suffix after a base (as in freedom and friendly). The function of a prefix tends to be semantically oriented, that is, it adds new meaning to a base. Most of prefixes do not change word classes while only a few (like a-, be-, em/en-etc.) change word classes. Suffixes are basically class-changing morphemes.前缀附着于词基之前，后缀附着于词基之后。
前缀是以改变语义为趋向，即给词基增加语义。
多数前缀不改变词类，只有少数几个前缀如a-, be-, em/en-等改变词类。
后缀改变词类，不添加语义。
5. Name at least five methods of word-formation and cite examples for each.举出至少五种构词方法并一一举例There are seven major types word-formation.1)Affixation词缀法 (e.g. un fair, dis like, employ er, happi ness)2)Composition复合法 (e.g. deadline, lipstick, snowfall, blue-collar)3)Conversion转化法 (e.g. Verbs to nouns: answer, love; Nouns to verbs: corner, hand)4)Blending拼缀法 (e.g. motel, smog, telecast, heliport)5)Back-formation 逆生法(e.g. babysitter---- babysit, chain-smoker---- chain-smoke)6)Shortening 缩略法(e.g. ad --- advertisement, exam --- examination)7)Acronyms首字母缩略法 (e.g. UN --- the United Nations, VIP --- very important person) 6. Cite examples for the simple verb phrase, the complex verb phrase, the finite verb phrase and the non-finite verb phrase.列举简单动词词组、复杂动词词组、限定动词词组和非限定动词词组的例子。
A verb phrase that goes without auxiliaries is termed “ the simple verb phrase”, which is just amain verb or “modifier﹢main verb”; with auxiliaries, “the complex verb phrase”.e.g. John enjoys being flattered. ( Simple verb phrase)I have never been there. (Complex verb phrase)The head word or the first element of a finite verb phrase is a finite verb, which bears the tense marker and , in some cases, keeps in concord with the subject. A non-finite verb phrase is a phrase whose first element is a non-finite verb free of the constraints that a finite verb is subject to, and has three non-finite forms such as infinitive, -ing participle and –ed participle.e.g. I didn’t expect you to be here. (infinitive)Having done their homework, they switched on TV. (-ing participle)There were 20 people killed in the accident. (-ed participle)没有助动词的动词词组被称为“简单动词词组”，这类词组或只含有主要动词或采用“修饰语﹢主要动词”的形式，含有助动词的动词词组被称为“复杂动词词组”。
第一个动词（如果只有一个动词，那就是这个动词）为限定动词的词组叫限定动词词组，其主要特征是与主语保持数的一致和具有时的标志。
第一个动词（如果只有一个动词，那就是这个动词）为非限定动词的词组叫非限定动词词组，即动词不定式，-ing分词和-ed分词，它们既没有数的形式也没有时的标志。
7. What are the seven clause patterns ?分句的七种结构形式是什么？As far as the structure is concerned, clauses fall into seven major patterns: SV, SVC, SVO, SVOO, SVOC, SV A and SVOA.就结构而言，分句有以下七个基本句型：SV（主语﹢谓语）, SVC（主语﹢谓语﹢补语）, SVO（主语﹢谓语﹢宾语）, SVOO（主语﹢谓语﹢宾语﹢宾语）, SVOC（主语﹢谓语﹢宾语﹢补语）, SV A（主语﹢谓语﹢状语） and SVOA（主语﹢谓语﹢宾语﹢状语）。
8. Define the finite clauses and the non-finite clauses.As far as the structure is concerned, clauses can be divided into finite clauses and non-finite clauses. Finite clauses are subordinate clauses that occur in the finite form. Subordinate clauses which take the non-finite form are named non-finite clauses.根据形式，从句可被分为限定分句和非限定分句。
限定分句是以限定形式出现的从句，而以非限定形式出现的从句被称为非限定分句。
9. Define the simple sentence, the compound sentence and the complex sentence.定义简单句、复合句和复杂句。
The simple sentence: A one-clause sentence is termed a “simple sentence”. The compound sentence: a sentence made up of two or more clauses is called compound sentence. The complex sentence: In the complex sentence, clauses are related by subordination, the main clause involves one or more subordinate clause.由一个分句构成的句子叫做简单句。
由两个或两个以上的分句构成，并通过并列连词互相连接便构成并列句。
如果两个分句不是处于并列地位，而是一种主从关系时，就形成复杂句。
10. Why do we need to go beyond the sentence and study the text?我们为什么要超越句子来研究语篇？Because to express a clear and complete idea or thought，we need more than one sentence．It is quite rare that we only use one sentence to express our ideas．When an idea or thought is expressed in more than one sentence，we have a text, which relates sentences together．In other words, sentences in a text are coherent so that they help each other in expressing a complete idea. The study of the text is to know how sentences can be joined together coherently so that they can best express ideas.要表达一个完整的思想，我们往往需要一个以上的句子。