rainforestn. [C] a forest in a tropical region where it rains a lot雨林The rainforests are an immense resource capable of feeding and sustaining the growing populations of developing countries.雨林是一个巨大的资源，它能为发展中国家日益增长的人口提供食物，维持他们的生活。
It is known that rainforest destruction threatens the well-being of the environment.人们知道，雨林的破坏威胁到了环境状况。
intacta. remaining sound, entire, or undamaged; not impaired in any way完整的；无损的The tornado destroyed our garden but left our house intact.这场龙卷风毁坏了我们的花园，但房屋完好无损。
It's difficult to emerge from such a scandal with your reputation still intact.经过这样一场丑闻风波之后仍保持住名声不受损害是件不容易的事情。
Renaissancen. (the ~) the period in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries, when the art, literature, and ideas of ancient Greece were discovered again and widely studied, causing a rebirth of activity in all these things（欧洲14至17世纪时的）文艺复兴（时期）This course offers students a wide choice of study, with emphasis on literature from the Renaissance onward.这门课程为学生提供了广阔的学习选择范围，其重点是文艺复兴时期以来的文学。
the Renaissance literature文艺复兴时期的文学overthrowvt. remove from power or cause the downfall of, esp. by force打倒，推翻a plot to overthrow the government推翻政府的阴谋The political aims can vary from providing the money to overthrow a foreign government to something as simple as being required to donate to a political party.政治目的各异，大到为推翻某个国外政府提供所需要的资金，小到为某个政党提供捐助。
n. [C] (usu. sing.) defeat; removal from official power打倒，推翻He was accused of calling for the violent overthrow of the government.他被指控煽动用武力推翻政府。
He foresaw that their success would lead to the overthrow of the regime.他预见到他们的成功会导致这个政权的垮台。
thronen. 1. [C] the ceremonial chair of a king, queen, etc.（国王、女王等的）宝座，御座2. (the ~) (sing.) the rank or office of a king or queen王位，帝位，王权Edward VIII, the British king, had to give up the British throne because he wanted to marry an American divorcee.英国国王爱德华八世为娶一位美国的离婚女子不得不放弃英国的王位。
the time when Queen Victoria was on the throne维多利亚女王在位时期imperiala. of, relating to, or suggestive of an empire or a sovereign, esp. an emperor or empress帝国的，皇帝的imperial rule帝国统治the imperial palace皇宫plateaun. 1. [C] a large stretch of level land that is higher than the land around it on at least one side高原Oxygen in the plateau area is scarce.高原地区缺氧。
In the wedge-shaped plateau are great old cities supported by rich farmlands.在梯形状的高地上，有肥沃农田赡养的著名古城。
2. [C] a steady unchanging level, period, or condition平稳时期，稳定状态；停滞时期Many prices had reached plateaus, some were beginning to sag.许多物价已升至平稳，有些则开始下跌。
Interest rates declined, then reached a plateau.利率下降，然后达到稳定水平。
spicen. 1. [C, U] any of the vegetable substances used to give food a special smell or taste (e.g. pepper, mustard, or ginger)香料，调味品Oriental spice is welcome in the West.东方香料在西方很受欢迎。
He is a dealer in spice.他是经营香料的商人。
2. [C, U] interest or excitement, esp. as added to sth. else趣味，情趣，风味She has a spice of wildness in her character.她的性格有点放荡不羁。
He is bored and needs a little spice in his life.他对生活感到厌倦, 需要点生活情趣。
expeditionn. [C] (the people, vehicles, etc. going on) a (long) journey for a certain purpose（人、车等有目的的）远征；探险（队）A scientific expedition set off for the South Pole yesterday.一支科学考察队昨天启程前往南极。
Fine weather is crucial to the success of the expedition.远征成功的关键在于有好天气。
descentn. 1. [C] the act or fact of going or coming down下降；降下；下来The plane began to make a descent.飞机开始降落。
The road makes a sharp descent just past the lake.道路一过湖泊便陡然下倾。
2. [U] family origins血统，出身He is a person of African descent.他有非洲血统。
He traced his descent from an old Norman family.他追溯他的祖先是一个古诺曼人家族。
missionaryn. [C] a person who is sent, usu. to a foreign country, to spread religion传教士Morrison is the first missionary to China.莫里森是最早来华的传教士。
A foreign missionary taught him English.有个外国传教士教他英文。
popen. [U] (often cap.) the head of the Roman Catholic Church（罗马天主教）教皇，教宗The Pope is the Bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church on Earth.教皇指的是罗马主教，他是世界上所有罗马天主教教堂的领袖。
There was a solemn silence when the Pope appeared.当教皇出现时，有种庄严的肃静。
manuscriptn. [C] a typed or handwritten version of a book, an article, a document, or other work, esp. the author's own copy, prepared and submitted for publication手稿，原稿The editor condensed the manuscript to half of its original length.编辑把这一手稿压缩到原来长度的一半。
Literary scholars are piecing together her last unpublished novel from fragments of a recently discovered manuscript.文学家们把最近发现的一部她的手稿的碎片拼修成一部小说，这是她最后一部未发表过的作品。
federationn. 1. [C] a union同盟，联合会All-China Federation of Trade Union中华全国总工会I have a friend who is from a federation of students.我有一位朋友在学生联合会工作。