a poem a machine a garment a job a laugh a permit
poetry machinery clothing work laughter permission
features
性 (gender) 数 (number) 格 (case)
gender
阳性--masculine 阴性—feminine 中性—neuter
2 um →a agendum → agenda datum → data stadium → stadia /stadiums stratum → strata gymnasium → gymnasia / bacterium → bacteria sanatorium → sanatoria /

Usage
1 subject 3 object 5 adverbial 2 predicative 4 attribute 6 complement
7 appositive 8 vocative
3 principles:
～ of grammatical concord
语法一致原则
～ of notional concord
boyfriend; girlfriend; woman doctor; man writer; ﹡he-goat; she-wolf; ﹡male elephant; female monkey;
﹡
number
单数—singular number 单数形式—singular form 复数—plural number 复数形式—plural form
意义一致原则
～ of attraction
吸引原则
rules for sing. & plural
The volleyball team are playing well. The police are on the line of defense. This works was built in 1982. Is the United States a big country? All possible means have been adopted. Every means has been tried.
grown-up grown-ups go-between go-betweens drawback drawbacks
man-servant → men-servants woman-doctor → women-doctors ＊woman-hater → woman-haters ＊boy students girlfriends
custom； force； good； ground； iron； letter； sand； work；
customs； forces； goods； grounds； irons； letters； sands ； works；
case
普通格 - common case 所有格 - possessive case 主格 - nominative case 宾格 - objective case
We love our great motherland.
② indirect object Who sent Mr. Smith this letter?
③ prepositional object
The letter is for his mother.
①object complement
They call me Xiao Wang.
possessive case
formation application
singular nouns plural nouns proper nouns
加-’s
-s结尾加-’ 不以-s结尾加-’s
加-’s;以-s结尾加’/’s 最后名词后加-’s 每个名词后均加-’s
shared nouns
un-shared nouns
double possessive case
a friend of my husband’s the nice daughter of his sister’s that little brother of John’s those wonderful performances of the children’s
①
leave out nouns mentioned before -Whose book is it? -It’s Tom’s. My bike is newer than Tom’s. ② leave out nouns for house, shops, buildings, etc. I’m going to my sister’s tomorrow. He’s gone to the barber’s. St. Paul’s (Cathedral)
5 heroes, Negroes, potatoes, tomatoes, echoes, vetoes, dominoes, torpedoes ﹡bamboos; radios; studios; cuckoos; folios; zoos embryos; kangaroos; ﹡photos, solos, pianos, kilos, memos, tobaccos, Eskimos, Filipinos, hippos
﹡
banjo, cargo, motto, halo, volcano, buffalo, archipelago, manifesto, tornado
1 man, woman, foot, tooth, goose, mouse 2 child, ox 3 fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, means, series, species, swine, aircraft, corps
irregular
1 changing vowels 2 adding suffix 3 in the same form (1-3) 4 plural form of letter, number, symbol & word 5 plural form of abbreviations
1 sis → ses crisis → crises thesis → theses emphasis → emphases analysis → analyses basis → bases axis → axes

词义
可数性
based on meanings
proper
noun common noun individual noun collective noun material noun abstract noun
专有名词 普通名词 个体名词 集合名词 物质名词
抽象名词
based on countability
☆
industry’s problems; machine’s power; Cambridge’s students;
☆
China’s capital; earth’s surface; the city’s museum; the Yellow River’s length;
☆
five minutes’ walk; today’s newspaper; ten miles’ drive; a kilo’s weight; ten dollars’ price;
compound nouns
with principal body without principal body with man, woman & boy, girl
looker-on lookers-on passer-by passers-by runner-up runners-up son-in-law sons-in-law editor-in-chief editors-in-chief grandchild grandchildren army-man army-men
English Grammar
The Nouns
Classification Features Usage Agreement between S. and V. Practice
classification of nouns
based upon meanings based upon countabith nearest n.
②subject complement
He is called Uncle Li
nouns with vitality
my mother’s glasses man’s knowledge camel’s legs

nouns about: industry, material, machinery, factory, college and university, etc. nouns about: country, planet, city, oceans, rivers, etc nouns about: time, distance, price, weights and measures, etc.
3 us → i focus → foci / focuses nucleus → nuclei / nucleuses stratus → strati stimulus → stimuli 4 a → ae formula → formulae
5 on → a phenomenon → phenomena criterion → criteria / 6 ix/ex → ices appendix → appendices / index → indices /