In 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic
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In the 20th century
In 1922, discovery of insulin by Sir Frederick Banting and Charles Best
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In the 19th century
Joseph Lister: concluded that microbes caused wound infections
Robert Koch, who discovered the anthrax bacillus
Louis Pasteur, who developed the technique of pasteurization
The first vaccination(1796). Edward Jenner (1749–1823)
conducted the first vaccination by injecting the fluid from a dairymaid’s cowpox lesion into a young boy’s arm. The boy developed cowpox but not smallpox
Parallel in Chinese “Yin and Yang”
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Galen (129–199, AC): introduced
experimentation into the study of healing
According to Galen, the body carried three kinds of blood that contained spirits charged by various organs: the veins carried “natural spirit” from the
脏的血液、肝脏的黄胆汁、脾脏的黑胆汁和脑中 的黏液四种元素的失衡所引起
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Hippocrates (460 BC–377 BC) established the
fundamentals of anatomy, physiology, and pathology that served as the earliest knowledge for understanding health and disease
In 1953, development of the polio vaccine by Jonas Salk
liver
the arteries, “vital spirit” from the lungs
the nerves, “animal spirit” from the brain
encyclopedia of anatomy and
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Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564)
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（Pathophysiology）
第二章 疾病概论
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疾病的相关概念
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疾病（disease）
原始社会——疾病是鬼神作怪的结果 古印度医学——疾病是气、胆、痰三种“体液”
的失衡 中国古代医学——疾病是阴阳五行的失调 古希腊医学家Hippocrates——疾病是由于来自心
professor of anatomy and surgery at Padua, Italy. His published work, On the Structure of the Human Body, showing how the parts of the body looked and worked, set a new standard for the understanding of human anatomy
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William Harvey (1578–1657)
the English physician and physiologist, who in his book, On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (1628), provided a physiologic framework for the circulation of blood
Wilhelm Roentgen, discovered X rays
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Florence Nightingale caring for wounded during the Crimean War (1854-1856)
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In the 20th century
In 1910, Paul Ehrlich introduced chemotherapy (arsenic compound Salvarsan against syphilis)
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Hippocrates’s definition of “disease”
The disease occurred when the four humors became out of balance: Blood from the heart Yellow bile from the liver Black bile from the spleen Phlegm from the brain
William Harvey’s most eminent patient, King Charles I, and the future King Charles II look on as Harvey displays a dissected deer heart
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The 19th century was a time of major discoveries that paved the way for understanding infectious diseases