English Romance: Arthurian Legends(Arthur: A legendary British hero, said to have been king of the Britons in the sixth century)Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 加文爵士跟绿骑士( Gawain:In Arthurian legend, a nephew of King Arthur and a Knight of the Round Table)⏹Medieval Folk Literature:民间文学⏹The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad民谣.⏹The ballad became popular in England in the late 14th century and was adopted 正式接受by Geoffrey ChaucerPopular Ballads: Robin Hood Ballads知更鸟罩歌谣Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) Father of English Poetry, 4.the first Realistic Writer1355-1372, French period: translating periodThe Romance of Rose 《玫瑰传奇》(France)→1372-1385, Italian period: adapting periodThe Parliament of Fowls《白鸟会议》，The House of Fame《声誉殿堂》, Troilus and Criseyde《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西》--only complete long poemThe Legend of Good Women 《好女人的故事》→1385-1400, English period: creating periodThe Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》A Close Look at The Canterbury Tales1.Middle English 124 stories2. “Heroic Couplet”英雄双韵体couplet: A unit of verse consisting of two successive lines, usually rhyming and having the same meter and often forming a complete thought or syntactic unit.→an introduction from French poetry→a pair of rhymed lines of iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格对偶句)3. “Rhyme Scheme”studyaa bb cc dd ee ff gg …The Renaissance in England⏹Some major historic events:⏹ a.The War of Roses (1455-1488) and the establishment of the dynasties王朝，朝代ofHenry VII and VIII—the centralized中央集权制monarchy君主体制.⏹ b.The Enclosure围绕movement“sheep devoured 吞没Men” 圈地运动⏹ c.The religious/protestant新教徒的reformation: Henry VIII declared the break withRome and Protestantism新教教义gained ground among the population(The English translation of the Bible emerged and later have woven into English literature).⏹ d. Flourishing繁荣in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)⏹ e. defeating the Spanish Invincible fleet “Armada舰队” in 1588 and the establishment ofthe hegemony（霸权）on the seas.⏹ f. The geographical exploration地理探索and trade expansion精力扩张brought aboutthe growth of the cities and the development of the capitalist textile（织物）industry.⏹Examples:⏹①Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted 声称that the earth was not the center of theuniverse；⏹②The passionate激昂的Petrarch彼得拉克produced sonnets that influencedShakespeare and many others；⏹③Boccaccio卜伽丘wrote tales of eternal charm；⏹④Marco Polo (马可波罗) made journeys into the remote遥远的kingdom ofChina；⏹⑤Michelangelo（米开朗琪罗），Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)，Raphael (拉斐尔)，and Titian (提香) created paintings and sculptures雕刻that are invaluable treasures重视of the world．Thomas More and his Utopia⏹(1) Written in the form of a conversation between More and the returned voyager 航海者Raphael Hythloday (拉斐尔·希斯拉德).⏹(2) The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place” and wasadopted吸收，采用by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth联邦.⏹(1) Written in the form of a conversation between More and the returned voyager 航海者Raphael Hythloday (拉斐尔·希斯拉德).⏹(2) The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place” and wasadopted吸收，采用by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth联邦.•Thomas More: the author of “Utopia”;•Philip Sidney:Apology for Poetry•Edmund Spenser: the poet’s poet, author of “The Faerie Queene”(《仙后》）;Abbey •John Lyly: author of the novel “Euphues”(《优浮绮斯》）;Euphuism(绮丽体）•Francis Bacon: philosopher, scientist and prose writer;the founder of English materialist philosophy•Marlowe: the gifted play writer, author of “Tamburlaine” and “Doctor Faustus”.•The most gifted of the “university wits”•The greatest of the pioneers of English Drama•First made blank verse(rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English Drama•Famous for his “mighty line”;pave the way for Shakespeare•Tamburlaine the Mongol 《帖木儿》;The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》•Shakespeare•Ben Johnson: the leading dramatist after Shakespeare; the first poet-laureate in 1616;His Mask (from Italy): V olphone 《狐狸》•威廉.莎士比亚（William Shakespeare，1564-1616），戏剧家，诗人。

从1590年起至1613年，他一共创作了38部（一说39部）戏剧，样式包括喜剧、编年史剧、悲剧、传奇剧等。

•最著名的戏剧包括《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet, 1595 ）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of V enice, 1596）、《亨利四世（上篇）》（Henry IV, Part I, 1597）、《第十二夜》（Twelfth Night, 1600）、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet, 1601）、《奥赛罗》（Othello, 1604）、《李尔王》（King Lear, 1605）、《麦克白》（Macbeth, 1606）、《冬天的故事》（Winter’s Tale, 1610）、《暴风雨》（The Tempest, 1612）等。

莎士比亚还创作有154首十四行诗和7首长诗。

Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream（仲夏夜梦）The Merchant of Venice（威尼斯人）As You Like It （皆大欢喜）Twelfth Night（第十二夜）The Merry Wives of Windsor (温莎的风流妇人)Much Ado About Nothing (无事生非Historical plays:Richard II，Henry IV (Parts 1 and 2，Henry V, King JohnRoman tragedy:Julius Caesar（裘利斯.凯撒•Tragedies:Macbeth（麦克白）King Lear（李尔王）Hamlet ( 哈姆雷特)Othello(奥赛罗)Comedies:Troilus and Cressida(特洛伊斯与克雷西达)All’s Well That Ends Well(终成眷属)Measure for Measure(一报还一报)Roman Tragedies:Antony and Cleopatra•（安东尼与克里奥佩特拉）•The Winter’s Tale（冬天的故事）•Cymbeline, King of Britain （辛白林）•The Tempest（暴风雨）•HenryⅧ（亨利八世the Puritan poets清教徒派诗人•John Milton•John Bunyanthe Metaphysical poets玄学派诗人John Donne•Some prose-writersthe Cavalier poets保皇派诗人•John DrydenJohn Milton(1608—1674• 1. On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity《基督诞生晨颂》, first important work• 2. L’Allegro《快乐的人》Penseroso《幽思的人》• 3. Comus《科玛斯》a mask假面剧, in blank verse• 4. Lycidas《利西达斯》, expressing the pathos(哀颂)of his friend Edward King’s (爱德华·金)premature(过早的)death•The early poetic works:L'Allegro, Il Penseroso, and the elegy Lycidas(1637)•The middle prose pamphlets:Defensio pro Populo Anglicano , Areopagitica•The last great poems: Paradise Lost (1667) , Paradise Regained (1671) and the poetic drama Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》John Bunyan(1628—1688)•The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.John Dryden• a time-server(随波逐流的人):• 1. an elegy on Cromwell’s death:•“Herioick Stanza””英雄诗辩”• 2. An Ode on Charles II:•“Astraea Redux””伸张正义”• a didactic poem when James II in reign•“The Hind and the Panther”“牝鹿与豹”. tragedy and blank-verse masterpiece:“All for Love”“一切为了爱情”4. critical works:“Essay of Dramatic Poesy”“论戏剧诗”•Representatives of modern novelist in the 18th century•Swift(P139)•Defoe(P147)•Richardson(P153)•Fielding(P156)•Smollett(P171 no picture)•Sterne(P174)Alexander Pope(亚历山大·蒲柏P134)the Pastorals (1709)（田园诗歌）•the Essay on Criticism (1711) （论批评）a poem written in heroic couplets outlining critical tastes and standards;•The Rape of the Lock (1714)（卷发遇劫记）, a mock-heroic poem ridiculing the fashionable world of his day(p135);•“Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady” and “Eloise to Abelard,”the only pieces he ever wrote dealing with love.•Essay on Man(p137)•The Dunciad(P136)Daniel Defoe（笛福）•The True-born Englishman 《纯血统英国人》•The Shortest Way with the Dissenters《铲除新教徒的捷径》•Hymn to the Pillory 《木枷颂》•Robinson Crusoe (1719, at the age of 58, he published his Robinson Crusoe, the book which made him immortal) 《鲁滨逊漂流记》•Captain Singleton (1720)《辛格顿船长》•Moll Flanders (1722)《摩尔.弗兰德斯》•Colonel Jacque《陆军上尉大人》•Samuel Richardson(塞缪尔·理查逊)•1689-1761•Pamela《帕米拉》•Clarissa Harlowe 《克拉丽莎》•Sir Charles Grandison《查尔斯.格兰迪森爵士的历史》•他将视角投入年轻女主人公的内心深处，心理刻画淋漓尽致，令读者潸然泪下。