2014年河南师范大学831英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Explain the Following Terms Briefly. （10 points, 2 points each）1. skopos theory2. untranslatability3. cannibalism4. transeme5. intralingual translation【参考答案】1. Skopos theory is an approach to translation which was put forward by Hans Vemeer and developed in Germany in the late 1970s and which oriented a more functionally and socioculturally concept of translation. Translation is considered not as a process of translation, but as a specific form of human action.2. Untranslatability is a property of a text, or of any utterance, in one language, for which no equivalent text or utterance can be found in another language when translated.3. Cannibalism is the act of one individual of a species consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food. To consume the same species, or show cannibalistic behavior, is a common ecological interaction in the animal kingdom, and has been recorded for more than 1,500 species. Human cannibalism is well-documented, both in ancient and recent times.4. Leuven-Zwart’s transeme model is generally regarded as the most detailed and comprehensive approach for the purpose of translation analysis. It consists of a “comparative model” and a “descriptive model.” In the comparative model, the ST and TT are first divided into segments of transeme.5. Intralingual translation is the translation between the variants of the same language.Ⅱ. Translate the Following into Chinese. （40 points）Rural Life in EnglandWashington IrvingNothing can be more imposing than the magnificence of English park scenery. Vast lawns that extend like sheets of vivid green, with here and there clumps of gigantic trees, heaping up rich piles of foliage: the solemn pomp of groves and woodland glades, with the deer trooping in silent herds across them; the hare, hounding away to the covert; or the pheasant, suddenly bursting upon the wing; the brook, taught to wind in natural meanderings or expand into a glassy lake; the sequestered pool, reflecting the quivering trees, with the yellow leaf sleeping on its bosom, and the trout roaming fearlessly about its limpid waters; while some rustice temple or sylvan statue, grown green and dank with age, gives an air of classic sanctity to the seclusion.These are but a few of the features of park scenery; but what most delights me, is the creative talent with which the English decorate the unostentatious abodes ofmiddle life. The rudest habitation, the most unpromising and scanty portion of land, in the hands of an Englishman of taste, becomes a little paradise.The sterile spot grows into loveliness under hi （an Englishman）hands, and yet the operations of art which produce the effect are scarcely to be perceived. The cherishing and training of some trees; the cautious pruning of others; the nice distribution of lowers and plants of tender and graceful foliage; the introduction of a green slope of velvet turf; the partial opening to a peep of blue distance, or silver gleam of water; all these are managed with a delicate tact, a pervading yet quiet assiduity, like the magic touchings with which a painter finishes up a favorite picture.The residence of people of fortune and refinement in the country has diffused a degree of taste and elegance in rural economy that descends to the lowest class. The very laborer, with his thatched cottage and narrow slip of ground, attends to their embellishment. The trim hedge, the grass-plot before the door, the wall, and hanging its blossoms about the lattice, the pot of flowers in the window, the holly, providently planted about the house, to cheat winter of its dreariness, and to throw in a semblance of green summer to cheer the fireside; all these bespeak the influence of taste, flowing down from high sources and pervading the lowest levels of the public mind. If ever Love, as poets sing, delights to visit a cottage, it must be the cottage of an English peasant.【参考译文】英国的园林景色宏伟壮丽，感人至深。
草坪宽阔，如一张价涨鲜绿的地毯，不时可见参天大树，枝茂叶盛。
树丛和林地庄庄严壮观，鹿群结队悄然而过，野兔跳向隐蔽之处，或野鸡忽然振翅高飞。
小溪婉蜒曲折，自然优美，或扩展成一片明净的湖水——这一潭与世隔绝的小湖，将颤动的树影映照其间，黄叶安然躺于其中，鲑鱼漫游于清澈的水里，丝毫无惧。
某乡村庙宇或林神塑像，因天长日久发绿受潮——这一切，使幽僻的地方呈现出古雅神圣气派。
而这些，仅为英国园林景观的几许特征而已；尤其令我欣喜的，倒是英国人装点中等生活朴素的房屋时，所具有的创造旧才。
即便最拙劣的住处，最贫瘠的不毛之地，一经英国人之手，即变成小小乐园。
一块草木不生的地方，经他们一运作，即可爱迷人，此为艺术之功，极尽微妙。
他们将树木精心栽培，细加修剪；鲜花植物布局美观，叶片鲜嫩雅致；山坡上新生出天鹅绒般的绿草；透过空隙处，可见远方蓝蓝天空，或水面银波闪闪——这些，均配置得灵巧嫡熟，一丝不苟，素雅温和，宛如画家作完备受喜爱的画，再富有魔力地着上几笔。
英国富人雅士的宅第，颇富意趣，优美雅观，其特征多少为乡村汲取，直至最低阶层。