英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)第一部分语法框架词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词语句子成分：主、谓、宾，定、状、补，同位、表法主语+谓语句简主语+谓语+宾语法单主语+谓语+宾语（间宾）+宾语（直宾）按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补结主语+系动词+表语构并列句：简单句+并列连词+简单句分定语从句复合句：主句+从句状语从句句名主语从句子词宾语从句结性构从同位语从句句表语从句陈述句：肯定句/否定句按疑一般疑问句：将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成语问特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句气句选择疑问句：一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句（通常省去与前句相同的内容）分反义疑问句：前肯后否；前否后肯祈使句：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等，以动词原形开头名词+主语+谓语!感What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!叹How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!句How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语!主语+谓语!第二部分词类一、简单句的五大基本句型：主语+ 谓语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 不及物动词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 名词/代词/动名词/不定式主语+ 谓语+ 宾语（间宾）+ 宾语（直宾）名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 名词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语主语+ 系动词+ 表语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 系动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语实例依次如下：She arrived (on time). 主谓(状)她按时到了。
We will accept (their) invitation. 主谓(定)宾我们将接受他们的邀请。
The company offered him a well-paid job. 主谓+直宾+间宾那家公司给他提供了一份待遇丰厚的工作。
All of them consider him considerate. 主谓宾+宾补他们大家都认为他很体贴。
This is an exciting result. 主系表这是一个令人激动的结果。
二、句子八大成分：主语、谓语、宾语，定语、状语、补语，同位语、表语（主谓宾，定状补，同位表）1、主语（1）定义：主语是构成句子的八大成分之一，是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。
（2）主语的表示：主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式短语、动名词短语等充当。
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. （名词）We often speak English in class. （代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式短语）Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词）The rich should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主语从句）2、谓语（1）定义：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词或动词短语在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后，并体现人称、数和时态。
（2）谓语的表示：简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如：He practices running every morning. (动词)She turned off the light just now. (动词短语) 复合谓语：1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks.2）由助动词have/has/had加动词过去分词构成。
如：He has caught a bad cold.3）由系动词加表语构成。
如：We are students.3、宾语：（1）定义：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
例如：（2）宾语的表示：宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式短语、动名词短语等充当。
They saw an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）who is reading is Tom.（3）定语的位置：观察以上例句，不难发现：单个词作定语时，通常位于被修饰词之前，作前置定语；短语和从句作定语时，则位于被修饰词之后，作后置定语。
2)present 在场的，出席的 e.g. All present were surprised.There were 200 people present at the meeting.现有的，目前的 e.g. We are trying to solve the present difficulties.concerned 担心的，忧虑的 e.g. Concerned parents held a meeting.有关的 e.g. the authorities concerned 有关部门5、状语（1）定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。
示：（2）状语的表示：状语可由副词及副词性词组、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、名词、状语从句等充当。
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（时间、原因状语）I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）6、宾语补足语（1）定义：补充说明宾语的身份、特征或与宾语相同概念的成分。
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如：make/name/call 等+宾语+宾补）。
（2）宾补的表示：宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
例如：His father named him Dong Ming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）7、同位语（1）定义：某一名词或代词后的等同解释部分。
（2）同位语的表示：同位语可由名词、名词词组、从句等充当。
We love our country, China. （名词）I live in Shijiazhuang, a city not far from Beijing. （名词词组）注：作同位语的名词或名词词组与被解释部分指同一人或同一物。
I happened to hear the news that we would have a three-day off.（从句）注：作同位语的从句内容即为被解释部分所要表达的内容。
8、表语（1）定义：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。
（2）表语的表示：表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。
例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）句子成分巧记歌诀主谓宾表定状补，七种成分记清楚。