常用的前缀和后缀，部分国家（或地区）、语言、国民及国籍表，洲名及常见缩写词一、常用的前缀和后缀1、常用前缀aero-：concerning the air of aircraftplane-aeroplane 飞机space-aerospace 航空空间anti-：against；opposite ofnuclear-antinuclear 反对核武器的matter-antimatter反物质war-antiwar反战的auto-：of or by oneselfbiography传记–autobiography自传criticism批评-autocriticism自我反省be-：to treat as the stated thingfriend-befriend以朋友的方式对待；照顾little-belittle使显得微小，轻视、贬低bi-：two；twice；doublelingual-bilingual 双语的；人cycle-bicyclebio-：concerning living thingschemistry-biochemistry生化sphere-biosphere 生物圈by-，bye-：less importantproduce-by-produceway-byway偏僻小路；学科的次要领域，冷门centi-：hundredth partgrade-centigrade ˈ摄氏meter-centimeter 厘米co-：together，withauthor-coauthor合著者，合著exist-coexist 同时共存、和平共处col-：( used before l ) together，withlocation-collocation排列，配置，词的搭配com-：( used before b，m，p ) together，with passion-compassion 怜悯、同情con-：together，withcentric-concentric同一中心的、同轴federation-confederation结盟同盟，联邦contra-：oppositediction-contradiction 矛盾、否定反驳natural-contranatural违背自然的cor-：( used before r ) together，withrelate-correlate 有相关性respond-correspond 相符合相一致，相当类似通信counter-：oppositeact-counteract 对抗、抵消attack-counterattack 反攻、反击cross-：across；going between the stated things and joining themcountry-crosscountry越野的breed-crossbreed杂种，使杂交de-：showing an opposite；to remove；to reduce code-decode 译码、解码、分析电子信号value-devalue 贬值，贬低dis-：not；the opposite ofadvantage-disadvantage 不利、劣势、短处agree-disagree不同意、不一致、不适合honest-dishonest 不诚实、不老实em-：( used before b，m，p ) to cause to become body-embody 表现、象征；包括、包含power-empower 授权、准许en-：to cause to become；to makedanger-endanger 危及、使遭受危险large-enlarge 扩大、扩充放大ex-：former ( and still living )minister-ex-minister v辅助; 服侍,部长wife-ex-wife 前妻extra-：outside；beyondcurricular-extracurricular 学校课程以外的ordinary-extraordinary 奇怪；特别；额外，临时fore-：in advance，before；in or at the frontarm-forearm前臂，预先武装warn-forewarn 预先警告；事先告知il-：( used before l ) notlegal-illegal 非法literate-illiterate 目不识丁、文盲的im-：( used before b，m，p ) notmoral-immoral 不道德、邪恶；放荡的possible-impossible 不可能、办不到的；很难接受in-：notdirect-indirect 间接地，婉转的sensitive-insensitive 感觉迟钝，不友好的；麻木infra-：below in a range；beyondred-infrared 红外线的structure—infrastructure 基础设施，基础结构inter-：between；amongchange—interchange 互换、互易；交替变换national—international 国际的intra-：inside，within；intocity—intracity市内的department--intra-departmentir-：（used before r）notregular—irregular 不对称、不规则的；不定期的responsible—irresponsible 不负责kilo-：thousandgram—kilogram千克meter--kilometer千米macro-：large，esp. concerning a whole system rather thanparticular parts of economics—macroeconomics 宏观经济学structure—macrostructure宏观结构mal-：bad or badlyfunction—malfunction 故障，障碍treat—maltreat 虐待、滥用micro-：extremely small computer—microcomputer 微机electronics—microelectronics 微电子学mid-：middleday—midday 中午night—midnight 午夜mini-：small；shortbus—minibus 小汽车skirt—miniskirt超短裙mis-：bad or badly；wrong or wrongly fortune—misfortune 不幸，厄运；灾难、灾祸understand—misunderstand误会误解mono-：one；singleplane—monoplane单翼机tone—monotone 单调的multi-：more than one；many purpose—multipurpose多种用途的，多目标national—multinational多国的，跨国公司non-：notresident--non(-)resident〉①不住在某地的②(指工作)不要求任职者住在工作地点的；不住在旅馆等中的sense—nonsense 胡说，无聊的事物out-：outside；beyondlive--outlive比(某人)长寿; 活到(某事)已被遗忘door—outdoor户外的露天over-：too much；above；additionalhead--overhead离地面的; 头顶上的; 上空的,架空的time--overtime超出的时间; 额外的时间费poly-：manycentric—polycentric多中心的syllabic—polysyllabic 多音节的post-：later than；after graduate—postgraduate 研究生的，生war—postwar战后的pre-：before；in advancepay—prepay预付war—prewar战前的，在战前pro-：in favor of，supportingAmerica--pro-Americaabortion--pro-abortion 早产pseudo-：not real；falsename—pseudonym假名，化名；笔名science—pseudoscience 伪科学re-：again；back to the former state unite—reunite重聚，再联合use—reuse 再用self-：by means of oneself or itself；of，to，with，for，or inoneself or itselfemployed--self-employedtaught--self-taught semi-：half；partlycircle—semicircle半圆形final—semifinal半决赛step-：not by birth but through a parent who has remarriedmother—stepmother继母children—stepchildren养子sub-：under，below；less important；part of the stated biggerwholedivide—subdivide再分，细分section--subsection分部,分段,小部分,小单位,细分super-：more，larger，greater than usual market—supermarket超市natural—supernatural超自然的，超自然的现象tele-：at or over a long distance；by or for television communication—telecommunication电信screen--telescreentherm(o)-：concerning heatchemistry--thermochemistrymeter—thermometer 温度计trans-: across, on or to the other side of ; between Atlantic-transatlantic电视屏幕,荧光屏plant-transplant移植tri-: three; three timesangular-triangular 三角cycle-tricycle三轮车,机器三轮车ultra-: beyond; very, extremelymodern-ultramodern超现代化的sound-ultrasound超声，超声波un-: notcertain-uncertain不确定的fortunate-unfortunate 不幸的，不幸的人under-: too little; belowdevelop-underdevelop(使)发展不完全,(使)显影不足sea-undersea海面下的uni-: one, singerform-uniform制服，相同的，清一色的directional-unidirectional单向的，单向性的vice-: next in the rank; belowchairman-vice-chairman 副委员长president-vice-president副总统，副校长2.常用后缀（1）名词后缀-ability，-ibility 能力able-abilityflexible-flexibility弹性,适应性,机动性,挠性-age时期post-postage邮费，邮资short-shortage 不足-alarrive-arrival到达, 抵达；物refuse-refusal拒绝-an，-ian，-arian 员；人library-librarianmusic-musician-ance，-enceappear-appearancerefer-reference 人-ancy，-encyemerge-emergency紧急情况expect-expectancy期望-ant，-ent 人apply-applicant申请求职人correspond-correspondent 通信员记者-cyaccurate-accuratcy精确的, 准确private- praivit] privacyˈ隐居, 独处私事, 隐私-domking-kingdom国王，界，领域free-freedom自由，自主权-ee 人employ-employee雇工interview-interviewee接受面谈者; 被接见者-er，-or，-ar 人paint-painterbeg-beggar 乞丐-ery 行为；身份、制度brave-braveryslave-slavery奴隶身份制度-ese 人China-ChinaeseJapan-Japanese-ess 人actor-actresswaiter-waitress-ful 量hand-handful一把少数spoon-spoonful一匙的量-hoodchild-childhoodman-manhood成年, 成年期; 男子气概-ics 学科electron-electronicslinguist言学家-linguistics语言学-ion，-ition，-ation 物collect-collectionobserve-observation-ism 主义Marx-Marxismsocialist-socialism-ist 人psychiatry-psychiatristviolin-violinist-ity，-tycruel-cruelty残忍, 残酷pure-purity纯, 纯洁, 纯正, 洁净-mentmove-movementretire--retirement增加; 发展, 扩大-nessdark--darknesshappy--happiness-ologyclimate—climatology气候学future—futurology未来学-ship 关系friend—friendship友情、友谊scholar学者—scholarship学问学识，奖学金-sion，-ssion 物decide--decisionexpand--expansion-thgrow--growth增加; 发展, 扩大wide--width宽度, 阔度, 广度-ure 状态close—closure停业、关闭expose—exposure 暴露曝光(2)动词前缀-endeep--deepen变深, 加深fast--fasten系紧, 拴牢-ifyclass--classify分类; 归类simple—simplify简化-ize，-ise 使…怎么样modern--modernize / modernizepopular--popularize / popularize(3)形容词后缀-able，-ible 的suit--suitablequestion--questionable可疑的; 有疑问的-al nature--naturalstructure--structural-an，-arian，-iansuburb--suburbanCanada—Canadian 人的-ant，-ent 的differ--differentplease--pleasant-ary，-ory 的advise--advisorycustom--customary-ateconsider--consideratefortune--fortunate-en的gold--goldenwood--wooden-ese的，人China--ChineseJapan--Japanese-free 无..的care--carefreeduty--duty-free-fulcare--carefulpain--painful-ic，-ical的atom—atomic原子的psychology—psychological心理学的-ish的girl--girlish女孩子(似)的, 少女的child--childish孩子的, 孩子气的, 孩子所特有的-ivecreate--creative创造性的, 有创造力的support--supportive支持的, 拥护的; 赞助的-less 无…的hope--hopeless不抱希望的, 绝望的pain--painless-likechild--childlike孩子似的,天真烂漫的lady--ladylike风度雍容如贵妇的,温雅的-ly 的man—manly刚强的month—monthly一月的月刊-ous，-ious 的danger--dangerouspoison--poisonous -sometire--tiresome令人生厌的trouble--troublesome引起麻烦的, 令人讨厌的, 令人烦恼的-ward 向…的down--downward向下的, 往下的up--upward-y 的guilt-guilty内疚的；有罪的noise-noisy嘈杂的; 喧闹的(4)副词后缀-lyeasy-easily容易地, 不费力地heavy-heavily严重地; 大量地-ward，-wardseast-eastward(s)向东north-northward(s)-wiseclock-clockwise顺时针方向的other-otherwise 除此之外，否则二、部分国家（或地区）、语言、国名及国籍表三、洲名名词形容词四、常见缩写词BC, B.C. before Christ 公元前BS，BSc Bachelor of Science 理科学士C°Centigrade 摄氏度cc cubic centimeter 立方厘米CD compact disk 光盘，激光唱片cf. confer(=compare) 试比较；参看cm centimeter 厘米Co company 公司c/o care of 由…转交cp. compare 比较dept. , Dept. Department 部，司，局，系Dr , Dr. doctor 博士；医生e.g. exempli gratia(=for example) 例如esp. Especially 尤其是et al. et alia(=and others) 以及其他等等etc. et cetera(=and the rest) 等等F Fahrenheit 华氏的ft Foot,feet 英尺g,gm gram 克GMT Greenwich Mean Time格林威治时间hr,hr. hour 小时ID identification card 身份证i.e. id est( = that is) 那就是，即in. inch 英寸Inc. incorporated 股份有限的Jr. junior 小(用于姓名后) kg,kg. kilogram 千克，公斤km,km. kilometer 千米，公里l,l. liter 升lb,lb. libra( = pound) 磅Ltd. limited 有限的, 股份有限m,m. meter 米MA Master of Arts 文科硕士MS,MSc Master of Science 理科硕士min. minute 分钟ml,ml. millimeter 毫升Mr,Mr. Mister …先生Mrs,Mrs. Mistress …夫人，…太太Ms,Ms. Mrs or Miss 女士Mt mount,mountain 峰，山No. Number 号码P page;parking 页，停车处par,para paragraph （文章的）段Ph.D,PhD philosophiae Doctor 博士pl. plural 复数PM,P.M. post meridiem( = afternoon) 下午，午后PRC People's Republic of China中华人民共和国Prof. P rofessor 教授PS postscript 附言Rd.,rd road 路sec. second 秒sing. singular 单数sq square 平方；广场st. street 街道sth something 某物，某事t,t. ton 吨tel. telephone 电话UK United Kingdom 英国UN United Nations 联合国US,U.S. United States ( of America)美国usu. usually 通常v,vs versus …对…VIP very important person 重要人物vol. V olume 卷，册W,w watt 瓦特。