修辞手段1.明喻(the simile)Definition: an expression of comparison between two different things.明喻通常是把被比喻的“本体”和用以比喻的“喻体”同时说出，说明本体事物象喻体事物，用介词like ，连词as，as if，as…so，动词seem等以及句型A …to B as C…to D等等表示“好像”意思的比喻说法就叫明喻。

Markers: English: as, likeChinese: 好像、如同、仿佛、一样、犹、若、如、似Pattern: Tenor（本体）＋ Marker（比喻标记）＋ Vehicle（喻体）(1a) O, my luve (=love) is like a red, red, rose,(1b) 美人如花隔云端，上有青冥之长天，下有绿水之波澜。

（李白：《长相思》）Sustained Metaphor (连续明喻)博喻或复喻：用一连串喻体进行多维的、多角度的描述，反复设喻，加深印象，提高艺术感染力。

My heart is like a singing bird whose nest is in a watered shoot;My heart is like an appletree Whose bough are bent with thickest fruit;英语中除上述的用介词、连词或句型等的明喻表达方式外，还有许许多多常用的明喻习语。

例如：1). as…..asas white as a sheet /snow;as bold/brave as a lionas cool as a cucumber; as free as a birdas hungry as a hunter/hawk/bear/wolfas happy as a princeas long as it′s broad半斤八两；结果一样as clear as crystal清如水晶Jim looks like his brother Bill.(not simile)Jim and Bill are as like as two peas.(simile)As innocent as a baby; as light as a featherAs poor as a church mouse;as stubborn as a muleAs quick as a lightning/a flashHurry up! You walk as slow as a snail.2). Like/asI wandered lonely as a cloud.Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt and cannot last.3). As if (as though)He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Velasquez.4). Liken…to…Life has often been likened to a journey.5). Compare…to…Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.6). The way (in which)I should smell it the way a cat smells a mouse.7). Might as well…asYou might as well throw your money into the ditch as give it to him.8). A is to B what C is to DWhat lungs are to the body, that parks are to the city.公园对于都市正如肺对于人的身体一样。

9). No more… thanHe had no more idea of money than a cow.他对于金钱，像牛对金钱一样一无所知。

10). A and BLove and cough cannot be hid. 爱情象咳嗽一样难以隐藏。

A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled. 覆水难收。

Fish and visitors stink in three days. 鱼肉易臭，访客难久。

Truth and roses have thorns about them. 玫瑰难摘，真理难得。

Old friends and old wine are best. 老友如老酒，情深意厚。

11) to eat like a horse—狼吞虎咽to drink like a fish—牛饮like a drowned rat—像落汤鸡一样like a peacock among sparrows—鹤立鸡群like a hen on a hot girdle—像热锅上的蚂蚁as drunk as a rat—烂醉如泥as merry as a cricket—快乐得像百灵鸟as poor as a church mouse—一贫如洗 as thin as a lath n.木板条, 条板—骨瘦如柴as close as an oyster—守口如瓶oyster n.[动]牡蛎, 蚝, 沉默者as stupid as a goose—愚蠢如猪goose n.鹅, 雌鹅, 鹅肉, (裁缝用的有长曲柄的)熨斗12).verbs and verbal phrasescrawl like a snail; drink like a fish，run like a hare; speak like a booksleep like a top/log，They spent money like water.He is pitiless 无情的 as steel, cold as frost.，When in a fury, she is more savage than a tigress.Her face resembled a silver moon.，Records fell like ripe apples on a windy day.She is as thin as a rake耙2.隐喻(the metaphor)Definition: A metaphor is an implied simile. It differs from a simile in that the comparison is implied. 它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。

本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方。

(1) All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players. (Shakespeare)(2) Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon: Of Studies)：书有可浅尝着，有可吞噬者，少数则须咀嚼消化。

举一个简单的例子：Argument is war.实际上argument和 war是两种不同的事物，前者是口语谈论，后者是武装冲突。

但argument和war都可能十分激烈，因此该句用战争(war)来暗指辨论(argument)激烈的程度。

再如：(1)He has a heart of stone.他铁石心肠。

(2)To me, the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama.对于我来说，四季的奇妙变幻犹如一出动人心弦永不完结的戏。

1). 喻体直陈式：These pigs of boys eat so much.College is a comma of a sentence of life. This is a very kitten of a woman.2). 喻体半隐式：The corridor was flooded with boys and girls.They stormed the speaker with questions.他们猛烈质问演讲者。

3). 喻体全隐式Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.4). lock the stable door after the horse is stolen—亡羊补牢feather one's nest—中饱私囊beard the lion in his den—虎口拔牙add insult to injury—雪上加霜cast pearl before swine—对牛弹琴hold the candle to the devil—助纣为虐cry up wine and sell vinegar—挂羊头，卖狗肉fish in the air—水中捞月kill two birds with one stone—一箭双雕Teach a fish to swim—班门弄斧set a fox to keep one's geese—引狼入室let sleeping dogs lie—不要打草惊蛇kick against pricks—以卵击石hold the wolf by the ears/take the bull by the horns —骑虎难下a flash in the pan—昙花一现sit on two chairs/stand between two boats/ride two horses at the same time－脚踩两只船英语中有许多数词习语和俚语，主要用作隐喻（也有个别用作明喻）。

许多数词习语和俚语本身所代表的数字意思，在某种情况下往往失去具体的含义，引申演变为与某一事物相关或具有某一事物特征的含义。

例如：(1)A hundred to one it will be a failure.这件事极可能失败。