高中英语语法一、英语词法1、实词：是指有实在意义，能独立承担句子成分的词名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动词2、虚词：没有实在意义，不能独立承担句子成分冠词、介词、连词、感叹词二、英语句法1、简单句2、并列句3、复合句（1）名词性从句◆主语从句◆表语从句◆宾语从句◆同位语从句（2）定语从句◆限定性定语从句◆非限定性定语从句（3）状语从句◆时间状语从句◆条件状语从句◆地点状语从句◆原因状语从句◆方式状语从句◆结果状语从句◆目的状语从句◆比较状语从句◆让步状语从句三、其他句型倒装句强调句省略句It 用法和There be 句型动词时态非谓语动词虚拟语气主谓一致原则反意疑问句第一讲：句子类型与句子成分一、句子种类和类型1、句子种类陈述句；疑问句；祈使句；感叹句2、句子类型简单句:由一个主语加一个谓语构成.并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。
并列连词有：and, but, or, so, either…or.. neither...nor.. however not only…but also 等.并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。
Hurry up or you'll be late.He is rich while I’m poor.复合句: 由主句和其他从句组成。
并列复合句：含有复合句的并列句.★I asked a man who has a wife and three children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it.二、句子成分That girl is doing her homework now.主语：主语是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么情况。
表示句子说的是"什么人"、“什么事”、“什么东西”、“什么地方”等等。
名词、代词、数词、动名词、To do不定式、一个句子都可以做主语。
All roads lead to Rome.How to do it well is an important question.谓语谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”. 谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。
一般由动词或动词短语承担，具有各种时态、语态及语气的变化。
I seldom go to the cinema.He has already left.We are studentsShe fell ill last week宾语宾语，又称受词，是指一个动作（动词）的接受者。
一般而言，及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语，而该宾语通常为直接宾语。
名词、代词、数词、动名词、To do不定式、一个句子都可以做宾语，而to do不定式用于宾语补足语。
We study English at school.He enjoys listening to the music.直接宾语：表示动作的承受者或结果，通常指物。
Lend me your dictionary.间接宾语：动作所向或所为的人或物，通常指人。
Lend your dictionary to me.注意：间接宾语跟在直接宾语之后，间接宾语前要加介词to 或for加介词to的动词：give bring take hand lend pass read tell send show teach write do 等加介词for的动词:fetch find pay sing buy choose find get make等介词宾语：位于介词后面的宾语。
He walked to the office.宾语补足语：及物动词后的，用以补充说明宾语的身份、状态等的词或短语。
这类常用的及物动词有：make consider cause see find call get have let We consider /think the answer (to be) right.Electricity can make a machine run..可做宾语补足语的：名词、形容词及其短语、不定式及其短语、过去分词及其短语、as引出的宾语补足语、介词短语、副词和从句。
Let the enemy inYou mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.We will soon make our community what your community is now.We take English as a useful tool for everyday work.定语定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。
主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。
汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。
“的”是定语的标志。
He is an interesting man.Have you anything to sayCan you see the car downstairs?He was the one who succeeded in the experiment.状语英语中,状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当He drove his car carefully.China is developing fast during these year, but, unfortunately，unhealthily.He is very quick to change his mind.To buy a computer, I need money.Seeing his mother, the baby burst into tears.表语表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，补充说明主语的意义，也叫主语补足语。
表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem, look, sound, feel, get, smell,turn等词）之后。
如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。
Our teacher is very strict with us.The book is interesting and I'm interested in it.He looked just as he had looked ten years before.同位语一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。
We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.That is her habit, reading in bed.He gave orders that the work should be started immediately.The question whether to confess or not troubled the girl.三、句子基本结构（简单句）1.主语+谓语这种句型简称为主谓结构，其谓语一般都是不及物动词，例：Things change.事物是变化的。
Nobody went.没有人去。
2.主语+连系动词+表语这种句型称为主系表结构，其实连系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词，但实质上表语成了谓语，例：Mr. Turner is an artist.特纳先生是位画家。
The milk turned sour.牛奶变酸了。
She became a lawyer.她当了律师。
3.主语+谓语+宾语这种句型可称为主谓宾结构，它的谓语一般多是及物动词，例：We never beat children.我们从来不打孩子。
My sister will fix everything.我姐姐会料理一切。
4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语这种句型可称为主谓宾宾结构，其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词，两个宾语一个是间接宾语，一个是直接宾语，例：He gave the book to his sister.他把这本书给了他的妹妹。
I'll write you a long letter.我将写给你一封长信。
5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构，其补语是宾语补语，与宾语一起即构成复合宾语.I found the book easy.我发现这本书不难。
（形容词easy作补语）I'll let him go.我将让他去。
（不定式go用作补语）注意：有时两个或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语，甚至并列有两个主语和两个谓语，这样的句子仍然是简单句，例：Mr. Wang and I often work together and help each other.王先生和我常在一起工作互相帮助。
第二讲：名词性从句在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）。
名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
1、主语从句在句中起主语作用的句子叫做主语从句。
(1)引导主语从句的关联词有:that(不充当句子成分,仅起引导作用,通常用it作形式主语；分句置于句首时，that绝对不可以省略。
),whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever, where, when, how, why。
1 That he will succeed is certain.2 Whether he will go there is not known.3 What he said is not true.4 Where he hid the money is to be found out.5 Whoever comes is welcome.6 How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting.7 When they’ll start the project has not been decided yet.（2）为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.①It + be+形容词（obvious, natural, surprising, wonderful, possible, likely,certain, probable) +that从句.It is certain that he will succeed.②It +be +名词词组（no wonder, an honor, a good thing ,a pity, no surprise )+that 从句.It is a pity that they have to go without her.③It + be+过去分词（said, reported, known, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged) +that从句.It is not known whether he will go there.④It + seems, happens等不及物动词及短语 +that从句.It seems that Mary is not coming at all.⑤It doesn’t matter (makes no difference)+连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句.It doesn’t matter whether he comes.(3）注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义。