滁州学院2010 /2011学年度第2学期期末考试试卷测绘工程专业（本科） 2008 级《测绘专业英语》试卷（时间90分钟）一、 词汇或短语翻译（英译汉）（每小题1分，共20分） 1. settlement observation 沉陷观测2. deflection observation 挠度观测3. property line survey 建筑红线放样4. cross-section survey 横断面测量5. geoid undulation 大地水准面差距 或 大地水准面高6. orthometric height 正高7. very long baseline interferometry 甚长基线干涉测量 8. least-squares adjustment 最小二乘平差9. variance-covariance matrix 方差-协方差矩阵 10. normal distribution 正态分布11. index error of vertical circle 竖盘指标差 12. optical plummet 光学对中器 13. connecting traverse 附合导线 14. grid bearing 坐标方位角 15. zenith distance 天顶距16. hydrographic survey 水道测量17. Geodetic Reference System 1980 1980大地测量参考系统二、词汇或短语翻译（汉译英）（每小题1分，共20分）1. 工程测量 engineering survey2. 施工放样 construction layout or setting-out survey3. 竣工测量 as-built survey4. 大地高 geodetic survey5. 参考椭球 reference ellipsoid 参考椭球6. 卫星激光测距 satellite laser ranging(SLR)7. 重力场 gravity field8. 测量平差 adjustment of observation or survey adjustment 9. 多余观测 redundant observation10. 点位中误差 mean square error of a point11. 粗差检验 gross error detection12. 自动目标识别 automatic target recognition(ATR) 13. 几何水准测量 direct leveling or spirit leveling 14. 水准尺 level rod15. 平面控制网 horizontal control network 16. 控制测量 control survey17. 地籍测量 cadastral surveying or property survey三、句子翻译（每小题×分，共×分）1. Surveying is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships.测量是测定地面上各点的相对位置，以便根据它们之间正确的水平或竖直关系，按比例展示出天然地物和人工地物的一种技术。
2. The ordinary procedure in determining elevations, such as balancing backsight and foresight distance in differential leveling, automatically takes into account the curvature of the earth and compensates for earth curvature and refraction, and elevations referred to the curved surface of reference are secured without extra effort by the surveyor.在进行高程测量的一般程序中，比如水准测量中保持前后视距相等，自动考虑和补偿了地球曲率和大气折光的影响，基于曲面得到的高程仍然是可靠的，不需要测量员对数据进行进一步的处理。
3. The type of surveying that takes that takes into account the true shape of the earth is called geodetic surveying. This type of survey of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to find the precise location of basic points needed for establishing control for other surveys. In geodetic surveying ，the stations are normally long distances apart, and more precise instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane surveying.这种类型的测量考虑到地球曲率的影响，被称为大地测量。
这种类型的测量的特点是区域广、基线长，用来测定控制点的精确位置。
在大地测量中，测站之间距离长，需要使用比平面测量中更精密的仪器和测量方法。
4. Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical. 两点之间距离可以是水平的，倾斜的或垂直的。
Horizontal and slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on the desired quality of the result. 水平距离和倾斜距离测量有多种方法，取决于测量的精度要求。
5. The advent of EDM instrument has completely revolutionized all surveying procedures, resulting in a change of emphasis and techniques. Distance can now be measured easily, quickly and with great accuracy, regardless of terrain conditions.电子测距仪的问世给测量程序带来一场深刻的革命，导致了重点与技术的改变。
不管地专业： 年级/班级： 姓名： 学号：装 订 线 内 不 要 答 题形情况如何，距离测量现在都变得简单、迅速，而且有很高的精度。
5. More complete EDM instruments also have the capacity of measuring horizontal and vertical or zenith angles as well as the slope distance. These instruments referred to as total station instruments.更集成的电子测距仪除测量斜距外，同时还具备测量水平角、竖直角和天顶距的功能。
这类仪器一般称之为全站仪。
6. Control networks range from small, simple and inexpensive to large and complex and very expensive to establish.控制网的类型从小区域的、简单的、便宜的到大范围的、复杂的、价格昂贵的不等。
7. The method of surveying called triangulation is based on the trigonometric proposition that if one side and three angles of a triangle are known, the remaining sides can be computed by the law of sines.这种测量方法称为三角测量，是基于如下三角形定理：如果三角形的一条边长和三个内角已知，那么其余的边长可以根据正弦定理计算得到。
Furthermore, if the direction of one side is known, the direction of the remaining sides can be determined. And the coordinates of unknown points can be computed by application of trigonometry.此外，如果其中一条边的方向已知，其余边的方向就可以确定。
故未知点的坐标可以由三角公式计算得到。
8. Since the advent of EDM equipment, traversing has emerged as the most popular method to establish control networks such as basic area control, mapping, control of hydrographic surveys and construction projects.自从电子测距仪问世，导线测量已成为建立控制网最常用的方法，比如基本的区域控制，制图，水文测量和建筑工程的控制等。
9. In engineering surveying, it is ideal way to surveys and dimensional control of route-type projects such as highway, railroad, and pipeline construction.在工程测量中，导线测量是线状工程的测量和尺寸控制的理想方法，比如公路、铁路、管线施工等。