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教师资格证考试-面试-高中英语-教案模板+逐字稿-语法课

语法课高中常用知识总结+教学设计思路+方案+逐字稿【注意】高中常用语法知识总结:1. 直接引语(Direct speech)和间接引语(Indirect speech):引述别人的话有两种方式,直接引用别人的原话叫做直接引语,用自己的话来转述别人的话叫做间接引语;例:Mr. Black said, “I’m busy.”(直接引语)→ Mr. Black said that he was busy. (间接引语)直接引语变为间接引语时,需从以下几个方面转换:(1)人称(Person):一主二宾三不变;①一主:若直接引语中为第一人称,变为间接引语时,要将它变为与主句主语相一致的人称;例:He said, “I like it very much.”→ He said that he liked it very much.②二宾:若直接引语中为第二人称,变为间接引语时,要将它变为与主句宾语相一致的人称;例:He said (to me), “you’re so good at it.”→ He said (to me) that I was so good at it.③三不变:若直接引语中为第三人称,变为间接引语时,人称不变;例:The teacher asked, “has he read enough this week?”→ The teacher asked if he had read enough that week.(2)时态(Tense)(3)引导词(Introducer):①若直接引语为陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that引导,that可省略;例:He said, “I’m busy.”→ He said (that) he was busy.②若直接引语为一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,要把疑问句语序变为陈述语序,且用连词if/whether引导;另外,若主句的谓语动词是say,一般变为间接引语时,主句中的谓语要相应地变为ask,若主句中没有间接宾语,变为间接引语时,主句中可以根据实际情况加上间接宾语;如:“Do you think a dairy can become your friend?” the writer says.→ The writer asks us if we think a dairy can become our friend.③若直接引语引语为特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,要把疑问语序变为陈述语序,且仍用原来的引导词;另外,若主句的谓语动词是say,一般变为间接引语时,主句中的谓语要相应地变为ask,若主句中没有间接宾语,变为间接引语时,主句中可以根据实际情况加上间接宾语;如:“When do you go to bed last night?” he said to Anne.→ He asked Anne when she went to bed the night before.④若直接引语为祈使句,变为间接引语时,要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式,且要将主句的谓语动词根据实际情况变为ask、tell、order等动词;若祈使句为否定句,变为间接引语时,要在动词不定式前面加not;如:Father said to him, “go away!”→ Father ordered him to go away.He said, “don’t make so much noise, boys.”→He told the boys not to make so much noise.(4)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等的变化:注意:若是在当地转述,here不必变为there;若是在当天转述,yesterday, tomorrow, today等时间状语不必改变;2. 主动语态(Active voice)和被动语态(Passive voice):动词有两种语态,若主语是动作的执行者,叫主动语态,若主语是动作的承受者,叫被动语态;(1)被动语态的基本结构:主语+助动词be+动词的过去分词+(by …),其中be有时态、人称和数的变化;(2)几种时态的被动语态:(3)主动语态和被动语态之间的转换:①将主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态中的主语,如果主动语态中的宾语是人称代词的宾格形式,应将宾格形式变为主格形式;如:him→he;②将主动语态中的主语变为被动语态中介词by的宾语,如果主动语态中的主语是人称代词的主格形式,应将主格形式变为宾格形式;如:they→them;③将主动语态中的谓语动词由主动形式变为被动形式,并且时态要保持一致;④如果主动语态中还有其他成分,则变为被动语态时,其他成分一般原位不动照抄下来;(4)几种特殊情况的被动语态的变化方法:①带双宾语的谓语动词,即“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”,(如:give me a book)改为被动时,可以用间接宾语作被动语态的主语,也可以用直接宾语做被动语态的主语;若将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语,则保留直接宾语;若将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语,则保留间接宾语,并在间接宾语的前面加上介词to或for;②“动词+宾语+动词原形”结构,改为被动时,动词原形前要加to;③“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构,改为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动语态的主语,宾语补足语原位不动照抄下来;④当主动语态中的谓语动词是动词短语时,变被动语态时,动词短语应被看成一个整体,故动词短语中的介词一般原位不动照抄下来;3. 定语从句(Attributive clause):①限制性定语从句(Restrict attributive clause):结构::先行词+引导词+定语从句;Structure: antecedent + that/who/whom/whose/which + attributive clause;②非限制性定语从句(Non-restrict attributive clause)::结构:句子+“,”+引导词+定语从句;Structure: sentence + “,” + who/whom/whose/which + attributive clause;4. 同位语从句(Appositive clause):结构:抽象名词+引导词+从句;5. 主语从句(Subject clause):结构:引导词引导的从句+谓语动词+宾语;Structure: that/whether/if/who/whom/whose/which/what/woever/whomever/whichever/whatever/when/where/why/how/ clause + predicate + object;例:that引导的主语从句:that clause+ predicate + object;6. 宾语从句(Object clause):结构:主语+谓语动词+引导词引导的从句;Structure: subject + predicate + that/whether/if/who/whom/whose/which/what/when/where/why/how clause例:由that引导的宾语从句:subject + predicate + that clause;7. 表语从句(Predicative clause):结构:主语+连系动词+引导词引导的从句;Structure: subject + linking verb + that/whether/as if/as though/who/whom/whose/which/what/when/where/why/how clause;例:由that引导的表语从句:subject + linking verb + that clause;8. if条件状语从句(If clause):结构:句子+if条件状语从句;Structure: sentence + if clause;9. it作形式主语(use “it” as formal subject):有时为了避免头重脚轻,我们会用it作形式主语放在句首,而将真正的主语移到句末;10. it作形式宾语(use “it” as formal object);:有时我们会用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语移到句末;11. 动词的现在分词(The verb-ing form):现在分词的用法主要有以下几种:①用于进行时态,表示“正在发生”,其结构是:be + V-ing;②用于将来时态,表示“将要发生”,其结构是:be + V-ing;③动词的ing形式可以作定语;④动名词:可以作主语、宾语、表语;12. 动词的过去分词(Past participle):过去分词的用法主要有以下几种:①用于完成时态,表示“已经完成”,其结构是:have/has/had + done②动词的过去分词可以作定语、表语;13. 情态动词(Modal verb):情态动词不能单做作谓语,后面必须跟动词原形;14. 动词时态(Tense):①一般现在时(present simple tense):动词用原形/第三人称单数形式,否定句和疑问句借助助动词do/does;②一般过去时(past simple tense):动词用过去式,否定句和疑问句借助助动词did;③一般将来时(future simple tense):④一般过去将来时(past future tense):⑤现在进行时(present continuous tense):其结构为:am/is/are + V-ing;⑥过去进行时(past continuous tense):其结构为:was/were + V-ing;⑦将来进行时(future continuous tense):其结构为:shall/will + be + V-ing;⑧过去将来进行时(past future continuous tense):其结构为:should/would + be + V-ing;⑨现在完成时(present perfect tense):其结构为:has/have + done;⑩过去完成时(past perfect tense):其结构为:had + done;⑾将来完成时(future perfect tense):其结构为:shall/will + have + done;⑿过去将来完成时(past future perfect tense):其结构为:should/would + have + done;⒀现在完成进行时(present perfect continuous tense):其结构为:have/has + been + done;⒁过去完成进行时(past perfect continuous tense):其结构为:had + been + done;⒂将来完成进行时(future perfect continuous tense):其结构为:shall/will + have been + done;⒃过去将来完成进行时(past future perfect continuous tense):其结构为:should/would + have been + done;15. 虚拟语气(Subjunctive mood)(1)if条件状语从句中的虚拟语气:(2)主语从句中的虚拟语气:①在“it is + 形容词/动词分词 + that从句”结构中:若形容词/动词分词是表示要求、建议、必要、命令等意思时(如:advised/advisable/desired/desirable/demanded/essential /important/necessary/required/suggested等),从句中要用should + do(动词原形),should可省略;②在“it is + 名词(如:pity/wonder/shame等) + that从句”结构中: 从句中要用should +do(动词原形),should可省略;(3)宾语从句中的虚拟语气:①在一些表示建议、愿望、要求、请求、劝告、一直、命令、安排、决定等动词引导的宾语从句中,要用虚拟语气,即宾语从句中要用should + do(动词原形),should可省略;②wish + 宾语从句中的虚拟语气:(4)表语从句合同位语从句中的虚拟语气:在一些表示愿望、建议、要求、命令等意义的名词后的表语从句/同位语从句中,要用虚拟语气,即从句中要should + do(动词原形),should可省略;(5)其他句型中的虚拟语气:①“as if/as though/even if/even though + 方式状语从句”结构中:从句中要用虚拟语气,具体情况与wish + 宾语从句中的虚拟语气一样;②“lest/lest for + that从句”结构和“in case + 目的状语从句”结构中:从句中要用虚拟语气,即要用should + do(动词原形),should可省略;例:Julia had to go on a diet, for lest that she (should) lose her job as a model.③“it’s (high) time + 定语从句”结构中:从句中要用虚拟语气,且有两种形式,一是从句中要用动词过去式,二是从句中要用should + do(动词原形),第二种形式比较少见,且should不可省略;④if only 引导的感叹句,译为“要是…就好了,但愿…”,此结构中要用陈述语序,且谓语动词要用虚拟语气,其具体情况与wish + 宾语从句中的虚拟语气一样;16. 倒装句(Inversion):倒装句主要有以下两种形式:(1)全部倒装:谓语动词全部置于主语之前;①以here, there, now, then等副词开头的句子中,用全部倒装;例:There comes the bus.注意:此结构中,若主语是代词,则不用倒装;例:Here you are.②在以表示处所、声音等意义的副词开头的句子中,且动词是表示运动的不及物动词(如:go,come, rush, fly等),为了表示生动,可将耨写副词放在句首,此时要用倒装;例:Down came the rain.注意:此结构中,若主语是代词,则不用倒装;③表示地点的介词短语谓语句首时,要用倒装;例:Between the two buildings stands a tall pine.④直接引语的部分或全部谓语句首时,点名说话人的部分要用倒装;例:”Are you listening to English on the radio?” said mother.注意:若引述动词后有间接宾语或状语时,则不用倒装;(2)部分倒装:谓语动词的一部分(助动词、情态动词等)置于主语之前;①在以“only + 状语/状语从句”开头的句子找那个,主句要用部分倒装;例:Only then, did I realize the importance of English.②在以表示否定或者半否定意思的词开头的句子中(如:never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely,seldom, neither, nor, little, nowhere, not, not only, not until, no sooner … than, hardly …when, by no means, under no circumstances等),主句要用部分倒装;例:Hardly did I think it possible.③当连词as/though表示“尽管、虽然”意思,且引导让步状语从句时,从句要用部分倒装,此结构是将形容词/名词移到句首;例:Cold as it was, we went out. 尽管天气冷,我们还是出去了。

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