Example 4．
The viral genome of foot and mouth disease virus consists of positive sense 8.5 kb ssRNA, which is encapsidated in an icosahedral(20面 体) capsid composed of 60 copies each of the structural proteins VP1,VP2, VP3 and VP4.
English to Chinese of English for biology 科技英汉翻译要点
faithfulness Expressiveness elegance
English to Chinese of English for biology 英汉翻译要点
faithfulness Expressiveness elegance 信： 忠实 达：通顺 雅：文雅
Example． There is nothing that does not contain contradiction. 没有什么事是不包含矛盾的。 Example There was little that doctors could do for the patient infected with oesophagus cancer. 医生对食管癌病人无能为力。
这本练习课本是给那些已经掌握了英语基 础知识而现在要利用学到的语言知识来阅 读专业书籍的生物工程学的学生用的。
2. 译成后置的并列分句
A．一些结构较复杂，或者意思上又较 强的独立性的限定性定语从句，通常 可译为后置的并列分句。采取这种译 法，往往要有重复关系代词来进行代 替，经常在这词之前加指示词“这”、 “这些”等，以使译文明确。 如：
人们也正把戒烟注意力集中在另一种措 施上，这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识 到自己的不良习惯并为之感到不安。
Example 2．In 1883, an American physician, A. King, listed twenty observations, which pointed to mosquitoes as factor in malaria.
Example 2 In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems of environment.
English to Chinese of English for biology 英汉翻译要点
Emphasis: Translation of attrib构上属次
要部分，在语言作用上却地位重要，应用极广
定语从句结构有简有繁，对先行词限制有强有弱， 翻译时需灵活处理。汉语里没有类似英语中定语从 句的结构，一般定语放在它所修饰的词之前，只起 修饰或限定作用，而定语从句的功能却不止于此。 英语从句可很长，可由几个从句并列同时修饰一个 名词，可借助关系代词由一个从句套出另一个从句 而汉语名词前一般少用结构复杂、描写性的长定语 因此，翻译时不都把它前提在名词前译作定语。 常用的定语从句译法有：
Example． There is nothing that does not contain contradiction.
Example There was little that doctors could do for the patient infected with oesophagus cancer. [i:'sɔfəgəs]
ssRNA: single-stranded RNA 口蹄疫病毒基因组为一8.5kb的单股正链RNA, 其基因组被一个由60分子亚单位组成的二十面 体衣壳蛋白包裹，每分子亚单位由VP1，VP2， VP3和VP4四种结构蛋白构成。
有些定语从句翻译时可不必重复 关系代词所代替的词，而将其译 成人称代词“他”、“有些”等， 使句子简明扼要。如：
Example 4． 译 The viral genome of foot and mouth disease virus consists of positive sense 8.5 kb ssRNA, which is encapsidated in an icosahedral(20面体) capsid composed of 60 copies each of the structural proteins VP1,VP2, VP3 and VP4.

可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城 市也是生态环境问题成堆的地方。
如以上例句所示，这种译法最适 于翻译较短的限定性定语从句。 有时较长的也可采用这种译法， 以使修饰关系清晰，句子结构紧 凑。 如：
译
This practice book is intended for foreign students of bioengineering who have already mastered the elements of English, and who now want to use their knowledge of the language to read books on their subjects.
该口蹄疫病毒的感染性克隆RNA，是依据克隆 有O1型的Kaufbeuren口蹄疫病毒株全基因组 的质粒上的DNA序列，进行体外合成得到的， 它能够表达口蹄疫病毒部分基因组序列。
3 溶合译法

溶合译法是指把主句与定语从句 结合起来译,使之溶合成一个独立 的句子。如：
Example 1． Not only DNA are germ plasm which could transmit qualities to secondary generation.
Example 1．To be sure, the human genome project (HGP) would give jobs to many of those people who study on them.

诚然，人类基因组计划也许能为 许多生物学研究者提供就业机会。
Example 2 In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems of environment.
在英语中，定语从句的运用极为广泛， 有的从句很长而且结构复杂。
Example2: 译
A serotype O1 Kaufbeuren FMDV RNA standard, which represents part of the FMDV genome, was synthesised in vitro from a plasmid containing full-length genome of FMDV serotype O1 Kaufbeuren.
Example 3 ． Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.
Example 3 ． Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms. 物质是由分子组成的，而分子又 是又原子组成的。
B. 非限定性定语从句与先行词的关系 不十分密切，只是对先行词加以说明， 描述或解释，或对整个语句所陈述的 事实或现象加以总结概括、补充说明。 在汉译时，一般译为后置的并列分句。 如：
Example1: In English, attributive clauses are used extensively, some of which are very long and complicated in structure.
Example 1． Not only DNA are germ plasm which could transmit qualities to secondary generation. 并不只有核酸才能把性状遗传给子代。
英语中含有定语从句 “there be….” 的结构汉译时常常使用溶 合译法。如：
1. 译成前置定语 Translate to clause be ahead 一般说来，限制性的定语从句可 提前译成定语。还有一些定语从 句，虽然不明显地带有限定性质， 但本身较短，和被修饰语关系紧 密，也可译为前置定语。如：
Example 1．To be sure, the human genome project would give jobs to many of those people who study on them.
Example 2．In 1883, an American physician, A. King, listed twenty observations, which pointed to mosquitoes as factor in malaria.

1883年，美国医生A· 金列举了二 十个观察报告，这些报告表明蚊子 是引起疟疾的一个因素。
Example 1． But world attention also is focusing on another step, which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit.
Example 1．（译） But world attention also is focusing on another step, which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit.