Occupational English
Introduction to thermal
翻译： 王桥(组长) 邓常雄 张皓然
Vocabulary:
Psychrometric chart 焓湿图 Draft sensation 吹风感
Operative temperature 作用温度
Sentence :
If it generates more heat than is needed, it must lose heat to its surroundings or its temperature will rise and it will become ill and could die. Likewise, if it loses too much heat to maintain a constant temperature, its temperature will lower and it could die.
Translation :
Floor Temperature （地板温度） A floor that is too warn or too cold will cause occupants to complain of the thermal discomfort of their feet for people wearing shoes. The temperature of the floor, rather than the material of the floor covering, is the most important factor for foot thermal comfort. The standard gives the allowable range of floor temperature as above 19℃ and below 29℃.
Sentence :
Drifts or ramps are allowed without further restriction provided that the operative temperature does not go above or below the comfort zone limits, except as follows.
Vocabulary:
Drift 漂移 Ramp 斜道，漂移 Enclosed
封闭的，与世隔绝的
Vocabulary:
Mean radiant 平均辐 temperature 射温度 Radiant panel 辐射板
Ceiling 天花板，顶棚
Sensitive 敏感的
Sentence :
Thermal comfort is defined as that condition of mind that express satisfaction with the thermal environment. Dissatisfaction may be caused by warm or cool discomfort of the body as a whole or may be caused by an unwanted cooling(or heating)of one particular part of the body. 热舒适的定义是大脑对 热环境表达满意的意识 状态。不满意是由身体 整体的热不适或冷不适， 或者某一特定部位的不 希望冷感（或热感）引 起。
过热或过冷的地板都会引起穿鞋的居住 者对脚的热不适的抱怨。地板温度才是 影响脚部热舒适的最重要因素，而不是 地板覆盖物的材料。标准给出的地板温 度的设计许用值范围是大于19℃而小于 29℃。
Draft（吹风感） Unwanted local cooling of the body caused by air movement is defined as draft. Factors affecting the draft sensation include the air speed and the air temperature. Sensitivity to draft is greatest where the skin is not covered by clothing, especially the head region and the lower leg region. Some persons are more sensitive to air motion than others. Higher air speeds may be more acceptable if the person has individual control of the local air speed.
Translation :
In general, people are more sensitive to asymmetric radiation caused by a warm ceiling than that caused by hot and cold vertical surfaces. So the standard recommends that the temperature difference in opposite directions(asymmetry)in the vertical plane shall be less than 5℃,and in the horizontal plane, less than 10℃. 一般情况下，人们对于有热天花板 所致的不对称辐射比由冷热垂直表 面引起的不对称辐射更为敏感。因 此，标准建议，在垂直面相反反向 （不对称）的温差应低于5℃，而在 水平面，应低于10℃。
Translation :
Non-Uniform Conditions（非均匀条件）
Vertical Air Temperature Difference（垂直温差）
In an enclosed space, air temperature generally increases from floor to ceiling. If this temperature difference is sufficiently large, a persons head can have local warm discomfort and/or cold discomfort at the feet even though the overall average is thermally neutral. To prevent this local discomfort, the standard calls for a maximum temperature difference between head and feet of 3℃. 在一个封闭空间，气温一般由地板向顶棚递 减，如果这个温差过大，即使总体平均值呈 热中性状态，人的头部和踝部也可能会产生 局部热不适和/或者冷不适。为了避免这种 局部不适，标准要求头足最大温差在3℃以 内。
Sentence :
A more useful term for defining thermal comfort is the operative temperature, which is calculated by averaging the space’s air temperature and its mean radiant temperature.
一个更为有用的关于热 舒适定义的术语为作用 温度，它可以通过计算 室内空气温度和平均辐 射温度的平均值得到。
Sentence :
描述热舒适的变量包括 空气温度， 相对湿度，空气流动， 平均辐射温度。平均辐 射温度是人体周围的所 有围护结构内表面的平 均温度。这四个变量被 称为“环境变量”，因 为它们代表了身体的周 边环境。
Translation :
Radiant Temperature Asymmetry（辐射不均匀性）
Being surrounded by surfaces that have large temperature differences is a frequent cause discomfort, even when the air temperature is considered in the comfort zone. These conditions are frequently caused by cold or hot windows, un-insulated walls or ceilings, direct sunlight, or improperly installed ceiling heating panels. 被具有较大温差的表面包围是引起 不舒适的一种常见原因，即使是空 气温度处在舒适区。这些情况经常 是由冷窗或热窗、隔热墙或顶棚、 直射阳光或者不适当的安装顶棚加 热板造成。
Sentence :
To understand how to best control thermal comfort, we must first understand how the human body maintain heat balance
要了解如何最好地控 制热舒适，首先要了 解人体是怎样保持热 量平衡的。
如果它（人体）产生的 热量大于需求，就会向 周围释放热量，否则体 温就会上升，（人体） 因而生病甚至死亡。同 样的，如果它散失了过 多维持恒定温度的热量， 体温就会下降，（人体） 也会死亡。
Sentence :
The human body can be compared to a machine(in the engineering world)that converts fuel into energy for the purpose of doing work—the more active the body, the more fuel that is consumed. 人体可以比作一台以做 工为目的的把燃料转化 成能量的机器（在工程 界）——人体越活跃， 消耗的燃料越多。