语言学教程复习题与答案（胡壮麟版第一章）Chapter I In troduct ionI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage.2. Lin guistics studies particular Ian guage, not Ian guages in gen eral.3. A scientific study of Ianguage is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on Ianguage facts and checkedaga inst the observed facts.5. Gen eral lin guistics is gen erally the study of Ian guage as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basicconcepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable inany lin guistic study. 7.7. Phon etics is differe nt from phono logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati onsof the sounds to convey meaning in com muni cati on.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meanin gful senten ces.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is calledmorphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but alsothe comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces.11. The study of meaning in Ianguage is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning notin isolatio n, but in con text.14. Social changes can often bring about Ianguage changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of Ianguage in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of Ianguage is the description of Ianguage at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written Ianguage as primary, not the writtenIan guage.20. The disti nction betwee n compete nee and performa nee was proposed by F.deSaussure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the lettergive n:21. Chomsky defi nes “ compete nee ” as the ideal user ' s k ___________ of the rulesof his Ian guage.22. La ngue refers to the a _______ lin guistic system shared by all the membersof a speech com munity while the parole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and applicati on of the rules.23. D _______ is one of the desig n features of huma n Ian guage which refers to thepheno 广告网址 n that Ianguage consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless in dividual sounds and a higher level of meanin gful un its.24. Language is a system of a ___________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipli ne that studies the rules gover ning the formati on of words intopermissible sentences in Ian guages is called s ______ .26. Huma n capacity for Ian guage has a g __ basis, but the details of Ian guage have to be taught and lear ned.27. P ___ refers to the realizati on of Ian gue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of somepractical problems. The study of such applicati ons is gen erally known as a ___________________ lin guistics.29. Language is p ____________ in that it makes possible the construction and in terpretati on of new sig nals by its users .In other words, they can produce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of sentences which they have n ever heard before.30. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the s __ study of Ian guage.complete the stateme nt.31. If a linguisticstudy describes and analyzes the Ianguage people actually it is said to be _____________ . A.prescriptive B. an alytic descriptiveD. li nguistic 32.Which of the follow ing is not a desig n feature of huma n Ian guage?A. Arbitrari nessB. Displaceme nt Duality D. Meaningfuln ess 33. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n Ian guage as _________ .A. primaryB. correctC. sec on daryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because . A. in lin guistic evoluti on, speech is prior to writ ingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information con veyed.C. speech is always the way in which every n ative speaker acquires his mother ton gueD. All of the above35. A historical study of Ian guage is a __ study of Ian guage.A. sociological …psychologicalB. psychological…sociological C. applied …pragmatic D.sema ntic and lin guistic 37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ r efers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech com mun ity.A. paroleB. performa neeC. la ngueD. Lan guage38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connectionbetween III. There are four choices followingeach stateme nt. Mark the choice that can best use, C. C. A. synchronicB. diachr onicC. prescriptive Dcomparative 36.Saussure took a (n) ____________ from a ________ point of view.while Chomsky looks at Ianguageview of Ianguage,________ and meanin gs.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Lan guage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the immediate situati onsof the speaker. This feature is called ________ , for huma n com muni cati on. Expla in it i n detail.62. What are the design features of human Ianguage? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is moder n lin guistics differe nt from traditi onal grammar?64. Howdo you understand the distinctionbetween a synchronic study and a diachronicstudy?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form ofIanguage as primary, not the writte n?66. What are the major dist inctions betwee n Ian gue and parole?67. How do you un dersta nd compete nee and performa nee ?68. Saussure ' s distinction between Iangue and parole seems similar to Chomsky' s disti nctio n betwee n compete nee and performa nee. What do you th ink are their major differe nces?69. Do you think human Ianguage is entirely arbitrary? Why?I. Decide whether each of the follow ing stateme nts is True or False: I.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F19.F 20.F II. Fill in each of the follow ing bla nks with one word which begi ns with the I etter given: 21.knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syn tax 26.ge netic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scie ntif ic (or systematic)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that canbest complete the stateme nt. 3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.DA. displaceme ntB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural tran smissi on40. The details of any Ianguage system is passed on from onethrough ____ , rather tha n by in sti net.A. lear ningB. teach ingC. booksD. both A and BIV. Define the followi ng terms:41. Lin guistics 42. Psycholi nguistics 46. Morphology 49.Sema ntics 52.Arbitrari ness 53 Pho no logy 43. Syn tax 44. Lan guage 47. 50. Socioli nguistics 51. Productivity 54. Displaceme nt generation to the next PragmaticsPhonetics 48. 45. Applied55.Duality 60 ParoleGive Lin guistics 56. Desig n Features 57. Compete nee 58 Performa nee 59. Lan gue V. Answer the followingquestions as comprehensively as possible. illustrati on if n ecessary:61. Lan guage is gen erally defi ned as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used examples forIV. Define the follow ing terms: 41. Lin guistics: Lin guistics is gen erallydefi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage. 42. Phono logy: The study of howsounds are put together and used in com muni catio n is called phono logy.43. Syn tax: The study of how morphemes and words are comb ined to form sentencesis called syn tax. 44.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in con text of use is called pragmatics. 45. Psycholi nguistics: The study of Ian guage with reference tothe work ings of mind is called psycholi nguistics. 46. Lan guage: Lan guage isa system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni catio n.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication iscalled phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: The study ofmeaning in Ian guage is called sema ntics. 50. Socioli nguistics: The studyof Ianguage with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.51. Applied lin guistics: In a n arrow sen se, applied lin guistics refers to theapplication of linguistic principles and theories to Ianguage teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second Ianguages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 52. Arbitrariness: It is one ofthe design features of Ianguage. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative inthat it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54. Displaceme nt: Displaceme nt means that Ian guage can be used to refer to things which are prese nt or not prese nt, real or imag ined matters in the past, prese nt, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, la nguage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the immediate situati ons of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of Ianguage means that Ianguage is a system, whichcon sists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanin gs. 56. Desig n features: Desig n features refer to the defi ningproperties of huma n Ian guage that dist in guish it from any ani mal system of com muni cati on 57.user's Compete nee: Chomsky defi nes compete nee as the idealkno wledge of the rules of his Ian guage, 58. Performa nee: performa nee is the actual realizati on of the kno wl-edge of the rules in lin guistic com muni cati on.59. Ian gue : Lan gue refers to the abstract lin guistic system shared by all the members of a speech com muni ty; Lan gue is the set of conven ti ons and rules which Ian guage users all have to follow; Lan gue is relatively stable, it does no t cha nge freque ntly 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realizati on of langue in actual use; parole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and the applic ation of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situatio n.V. An swer the followi ng questi ons as comprehe nsively as possible. Give examples for illustrati on if n ecessary:61. Lan guage is gen erally defi ned as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com mun icati on. Expla in it in detail.First of all, la nguage is a syst em, because eleme nts of Ian guage are comb ined accord ing to rules. Secon dly, la n guage is arbitrary because there is no in tri nsic connection betwee n form and meaning, or betwee n the sig n and what it sta nds for. Different Ian guages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustra tion of the arbitrary nature of Ianguage. This also explains the symbolic natu re of Ian guage: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, acti ons, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primar y medium is sound for all Ian guages, no matter how well - developed their writ ing systems are. The term "huma n" in the defi niti on in dicates that la nguag e is possessed by huma n beings only and is very differe nt from the com muni cati on systems of other livi ng creatures. The term "com mun icatio n" means that lang uage makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their c ommun icative n eeds.62. What are the desig n features of huma n Ian guage? Illustrate them with exa mples. 1) Arbitrari ness As men ti oned earlier, the arbitrary property of Ian guage means that there is no logical connection betwee n meanings and soun ds. F or in sta nee, there is no n ecessary relati on shipbetwee n the word elepha nt and the ani mal it symbolizes. In additi on, differe nt sounds are used to refer to t he same object in differe nt la nguages, and even with in the same Ian guage, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitatio n of sounds by sou n ds, such as crash, bang in En glish. Besides, some compo und words are also not en tirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in nu mber.The arbitrary n ature of Ian guage makes it possible for Ian guage to have an uni imited source of expressi ons. 2) Productivity Lan guage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con struct ion and in terpretati on of new si gn als by its users. This is why they can produce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of senten ces, in cludi ng senten ces that they have n ever said or he ard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Pro ductivity is unique to huma n Ian guage. Most ani mal com mun icati on systems appea r to be highly restricted with respect to the nu mber of differe nt sig nals that their users can send and receive. 3) Duality The duality n ature of Ian gua ge means that la nguage is a system, which con sists of two sets of structure, o r two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanin gs. At the lower or the bas ic level, there is the structure of soun ds, which are meanin gless, discrete, i n dividual soun ds. But the sounds of Ian guage can be comb ined accord ing to rule s into un its of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher leve I, can be arran ged into senten ces. This duality of structure or double articul ati on of Ian guage en ables its users to talk about anything with in their kno wle dge. No ani mal com mun icati on system has duality or eve n comes n ear to possessi ng it. 4) Displaceme nt Displaceme nt mea ns that la nguage can be used to refe r to things which are prese nt or not prese nt, real or imagi ned matters in thepast, prese nt, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, la nguage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the immediate situatio ns of the spea ker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situa tion. 5) Cultural tran smissi on Huma n beings were born with the ability toacquire Ian guage, but the details of any Ian guage are not gen etically tran smit ted or passed dow n by in st inct. They have to be taught and lear ned, but animalcall systems are gen etically tran smitted.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written Ianguage. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on langu age users. But Modern linguistics isdescriptive; It collects authentic, a nd mainly spoke n Ian guage data and the n it studies and describes the data in an objective and scie ntific way.64. How do you un dersta nd the disti ncti on betwee n a synchronic study and a diachronic study? The description of a Ianguage at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a Ianguage as it changes through tim e is a diachr onic study. A synchronic study of Ian guage describes a Ian gua ge as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachr onic study of Ian guage is the study of the historical developme nt of Ian guage over a per iod of time.65. Why does moder n lin guistics regard the spoke n form of Ian guage as primary, n ot the written? First, the spoke n form is prior to the writ-te n formand most writi ng systems are derived from the spoke n form of Ian guage. Se cond, thespoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the am ount of in formati on con veyed and it serves a wider range of purposes Final ly, the spoke n form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tong ue.66. What are the major disti nctions betwee n Ian gue and parole? The dist inction betwee n Ian gue, and parole was made by the famous lin guist Ferd inand deSaussure early this cen tury. Lan gue refers to the abstract lin guistic system shared by all the members of a speech com muni ty, and parole refers tothe realization of Iangue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventionsand rules which Ianguage users all have to follow while parole is the conerete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the Ian guage people actually use, but parole is con crete;it refers to the naturally occurring Ianguage events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to pers on, and from situati on to situati on.67. How do you un dersta nd compete nee and performa nee? America n lin guist N.Chomsky in the late 1950 ' s proposed the disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and performa nee. Chomsky defi nes compete nee as the ideal user ' s kno wledge ofthe rules of his Ian guage. This intern alized set of rules en ables the Ian guage user to produceand understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es and recog nize sentences that are un grammatical and ambiguous. Accord ing to Chomsky, performanee is the actual realization of this knowledge in lin guistic com muni cati on. Although the speaker ' s kno wledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performa nces may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassme nt, etc.. Chomsky believesthat what lin guists should study is the compete nee, which is systematic,not the performa nee, which is too haphazard.68. Saussure ' s distinction between Iangue and parole seems similar to Chomskys disti nction betwee n compete nee and performa nee. What do you thi nk are their major differences? Although Saussure ' s distinction and Chomsky ' s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociologicalview of Ian guage and his no tio n of Ian gue is a mater of social conven ti ons,and Chomsky looks at Ian guage from a psychological point of vies and to him, compete nee is a property of the mind of each in dividual.69. Do you think human Ianguage is entirely arbitrary? Why? Language is arbitrary in n ature, it is not en tirely arbitrary, because there are a limited nu mber of words whose connections betwee n forms and mea nings can be logically expla ined to a certa in exte nt, for example, the ono matopoeia, wordswhich are coined on the basis of imitati on of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compo unds for ano ther example. The two eleme nts“ p hoto ” and “copy” in “photocopy ” are non-motivated, but the compound is n ot arbitrary.语言学教程复习题与答案（胡壮麟版第二章）Chapter 2 : PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the follow ing stateme nts is True or False:1. Voici ng is a phono logical feature that disti nguishes meaning in both Chin ese and En glish.2. If two phon etically similar sounds occur in the same environments andthey distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribu tion.3. A phone is a phon etic un it that dist in guishes meaning.4. En glish is a tone Ian guage while Chin ese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday com muni cati on, speech plays a greater role tha n writi ng interms of the amount of in formati on con veyed.7. Articulatory phon etics tries to describe the physical properties of thestream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a mach ine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a huma n being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibrati on of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voici ng.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulationand the part of the ton gue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which t he consonants canbe classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alv eolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of ton gue in the mouth, the ope nn ess of the mouth, the shape of the li ps, and the len gth of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-closevowels, semi-ope n vowels and ope n vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phono logy is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into diffe rent categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a Ianguage is to see if substi tuti ng one soundfor ano ther results in a cha nge of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one soun d segme nt whichoccurs in the same place in the stri ngs, the two words are said to form a pho nemic contrast.19. The rules gover ning the phono logical patter ning are Ian guage specific.20. Disti nctive features of sound segme nts can be found running over a se que nee of two ormore phon emic segme nts.II. Fill in each of the follow ing bla nks with one word which begi ns with t he letter give n:21. A ___ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the product ion of speech soun ds.22. A ___ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in com mon, i.e, they are all b ______ soun ds.24. Of all the speech organs, the t ___ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulationor in terms of p __ of articulati on.26. When the obstruct ion created by the speech orga ns is total or complete,the speech sound produced with the obstruct ion audibly released and th e air pass ing out aga in is called a s ____________________ . <![e ndif]>27. S ________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segme nts. They in clude stress, tone, inton ati on, etc.28. The rules that gover n the comb in ati on of sounds in a particular Ian guage are called s ____ rules.29. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n ________________________ tran scripti on.30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolati on, they are collectively known as i _______ .31. P _____ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular Ian guage and how sounds are comb ined into meanin gful un its to effec t lin guisticcom muni cati on.32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the phary ngeal cavity, the o _____ cavity and the n asal cavity.33. T ___ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates ofvibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just li ke phon emes. <![e ndif]>34. Depe nding on the con text in which stress is con sidered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s ________ stressIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the stateme nt.35. Of all the speech organs, the ______ i s/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. ton gue D. vocal cords36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ___ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonan tal37. _________ i s a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38. The assimilatio n rule assimilates one sound to ano ther by “ copy inga feature of a seque ntial phon eme, thus making the two phones _________ . A. ide ntical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can disti nguish meaning, they are said to be __________ .A. in phon emic con trastB. in compleme ntary distributi onC. the alloph onesD. mini mal pair40. The sound /f/ is _________________ . A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiode ntal fricative41. A ___ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tonguemaintaining the highest positi on. A. back B. cen tral C. front D. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequenee of two or more phon emic segme nts. The phon emic features that occur above the level of the segme nts are called ___________ . A. phon etic comp onents B. immediate con stitue nts C. suprasegme ntal features D. sema nticfeatures43. A(n) _________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract un it, a collect ion of disti nctive phon etic features. A. phone B. sound C. alloph one D. phon eme44. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ___ of that phon eme. A. phones B.sounds C. phon emes D. allopho nes <![e ndif]>IV. Define the terms below:45. phono logy 46. pho neme 47.alloph one 48. intern ati onalphon etic alphabet 49. inton ati on 50. phon etics 51. au ditory phon etics52. acoustic pho netics 53. phone 54. pho nemic co ntrast 55. tone 56. mi nimal pairV. An swer the follow ing questi ons as comprehe nsively as possible. Give examples for illustrati on if n ecessary:57. Of the two media of Ian guage, why do you thi nk speech is more basic th an writing?58. What are the criteria that a lin guist uses in classify ing vowels?59. What are the major differe nces betwee n phono logy and pho netics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegme ntal features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determ ine whether a pho ne is a phon eme or not?I. Decide whether each of the follow ing stateme nts is True or False:I. T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. Fill in each of the follow ing bla nks with one word which begi nswith the letter give n:21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place 26. stop 27. Suprasegme ntal 28. seque ntial 29. narrow 30. intona tion 31. Pho no logy32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices followi ng each of the stateme nts below. Mark the choice that can best complete the stateme nt:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D44. DIV. Define the terms below:45. ph ono logy: Phono logy studies the system of sounds of a particular langu age; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a Ian guage form patter ns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phon eme: The basic un it in phono logy is called phon eme; it is a unit of disti nctive value. But it is an abstract un it. To be exact, a phon emeis not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phon etic environments are called the alloph ones of that pho neme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phon etic tran scripti on.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather tha n the word in isolati on, they are collectively known as in ton ati on.50.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of lan guage; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s。