专业术语英译汉affine 仿射band 波段cartography 制图学clip 剪切digitizer 数字化仪DLG 数字线划图dpi 每英寸点数edgematching 边缘匹配equator 赤道equiarea 等积geoid 大地水准面geospatial 地理空间GPS 全球定位系统Habitat 栖息地Interface 接口Item 项目Latitude 纬度legend 图例longitude 经度median 中值meridian 子午线metadata 元数据neatline 图廓线Object-Based 基于对象的parcel 宗地photogrammetry 摄影测量precipitation 降水量range 范围raster 栅格resample 重采样resolution 分辨率RMS 均方根scanner 扫描仪siting 选址TIGER 拓扑统一地理编码topology 拓扑tuple 数组UTM 通用横轴墨卡托投影vector 矢量专业术语汉译英保护区protected area比例尺Scale bar标准差Standard deviation标准图幅Standard picture frame单精度Single precision地理空间数据Geospatial data点缓冲区Point buffer动态分段Dynamic segmentation度量标准Metrics多项式变换Polynomial transformation高程基准Elevation base跟踪算法Tracking algorithm规则格网Rules grid过渡带Transition zone基于位置服务Based on location service 畸形线Malformation line几何变换Geometric transformation检验图Inspection chart解析几何Analytic geometry空间要素Space element平面坐标系统Planar coordinate system曲流河Meandering river人口普查地段Census Lot上四分位数The upper quartile矢量数据模型Vector data model数据可视化data visualization数据探查Data exploration双精度Double precision水文要素Hydrological elements泰森多边型Tyson Polygons统一建模语言Unified Modeling Language投影坐标系统Projection coordinate system 线缓冲区Line buffer遥感数据Remote sensing data用材林Timber forest晕渲法Halo rendering method指北针Compass属性表Property sheet最短路径分析Shortest path analysis最小二乘法Least squares method翻译例子如下。
1.A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data.1.地理信息系统（GIS）是用于捕捉，存储，查询，分析和显示地理参考数据的计算机系统。
2.A newly digitized map has the same measurement unit as the source map used in digitizing or scanning. If manually digitized, the map is measured in inches, same as the digitizing table.2.新数字化地图与数字化或扫描中使用的源地图具有相同的测量单位。
如果手动数字化，地图以英寸为单位进行测量，与数字化表格相同。
3.Although ideal for discrete features with well defined location and ,shapes, the vector data model does not work well with spatial phenomena that vary continuously over the space such as precipitation, elevation, and soil erosion.3.对于具有明确位置和形状的离散特征，尽管理想，矢量数据模型不能很好地处理在空间连续变化的空间现象，如降水，海拔和土壤侵蚀。
4.But the migration from the georelational to the object-based data model should be relatively easy because it is intuitive to think of spatial features as objects.4.从基础数据到基于对象的数据模型的迁移应该相对容易，因为将空间要素视为对象是直观的。
5.New GIS data can be created from a variety of data sources. They include satellite images, field data, street addresses, text files with x and y coordinates, and paper maps.5.可以从各种数据源创建新的GIS数据。
它们包括卫星图像，现场数据，街道地址，带有x和y坐标的文本文件以及纸质地图。
6.Projection converts data sets from geographic coordinates to projected coordinates, and reprojection converts from one type of projected coordinates to another type.6.投影将数据集从地理坐标转换为投影坐标，再投影从一种类型的投影坐标转换为另一种类型。
7.Spatial data editing refers to the process of adding, deleting, and modifying features in digital layers. A major part of spatial data editing is to remove digitizing errors.7.空间数据编辑是指在数字图层中添加，删除和修改特征的过程。
空间数据编辑的主要部分是删除数字化错误。
8.The georelational data model stores spatial and attribute data separately in a split system: spatial data in graphic files and attribute data in a relational database.8.地理数据模型将空间数据和属性数据分别存储在分割系统中：图形文件中的空间数据和关系数据库中的属性数据。
用英文回答下列问题，练习每章后面的问答题。
例子如下：1．Describe the two common types of data for terrain mapping and analysis.1.Two important types of field data that can be used ina GIS project are survey data and global positioningsystme (GPS) data.2．Describe three variations in buffering.2.The buffer distance can vary by the values of a given field. Buffering can be on either the left side or the right side of the line feature, instead of both sides.Buffer zones may remain intact so that each buffer zone is separate from others, or dissolved so that thereare no overlapped areas between buffer zones.3．Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the raster data model vs. the vector data model.3.The main advantage of the raster data model is having fixed cell locations, which make it easier for datamanipulation, aggregation, and analysis. The main disadvant age is its weakness in representing the precise location of spatial features.4．Explain the difference between location errors and topological errors.4.Location errors such as missing polygons or distortedlines relate to the geometric inaccuracies of spatialfeatures, whereas topological errors such as dangling lins and unclosed polygons relate to the logical inconsistencis between spatial features.5．Explain the difference between the georelational data model and the object-based data model.5.The object-based data model differs from the georelational data model in two aspects. First,the object-based data model stores both the spatial and attribute data of spatial features in a single system rather than a split system. Second, the object-based data model allows a spatial feature (object) to be associated with a set of properties and me thods.6．Explain the importance of map projection.6.A map projection offers a couple of advantages. First,a map projection allows us to use two-dimensional maps, either paper or digital, instead of a globe. Second, a map projection allows us to work with plane or projected coordinates rather than longitude and latitude values. Computations with geographic coordinates are more complex and yield less accurate distance measurements.7．How can an analysis mask save time and effort for raster data operations?7.Because an analysis mask limits data analysis to cells that do not carry the cell value of no data. it can save time and effort for raster data operations.8．Name five tools or techniques for vector data analysis.8.Buffering ,overlay , distance measurement, spatial statis tics and map manipulation .9．Name the three types of simple features used in GIS and their geometric properties.9.A point has 0 dimension and has only the property of location.A line is one-dimensional and has the property of length. And an area is two-dimensional and has the properties of area (size) and perimeter.10．Name two examples each for integer rasters and floating-point rasters.10.Examples of integer rasters are land use and soiltypes. Examples of floating-point rasters are precipitation and elevation.11．The georelational data model uses a split system to store vector data. What does a split system mean?11.A split system stores spatial data in graphic filesand attribute data in a relational database. Typically, a georelational data model uses the feature label or ID to link the two components.12．The output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map. What does a binary map mean in this case?12.The output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map, which showing visible and not visible areas from the viewpoint.13．What are the basic elements of the raster data model?13.The basic elements of the raster data model are cell value, cell size, raster bands, and spatial reference14．What are the common elements on a map for presentation?14.The common elements on a map for presentation include the title, body, legend, north arrow, scale, acknowledgment, and neatline/map border.15．What is a feature attribute table?15.A feature attribute table is a table associated witha vector data set, which has access to the data set’s spatial data.16．Why is the datum important in GIS?16.A datum is important in GIS because it serves as thereference or base for calculating the geographiccoordinates of a location.。