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One cannot learn to produce a sound from an explanation only, or get a correct idea of a flavor from a description: a sound must be heard, a color seen, a flavor tasted, an odor inhaled. 人不能只从讲解中学会发音，也不能光靠描述而 体会某种滋味。声音必须耳闻，颜色必须眼见， 滋味必须口尝，气味必须吸入。
替换与重复
Substitutive vs. Reiterative
除非修辞的需要，英语一般要避免重复
Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity.
7
汉语则通过重复强化行文的语气和修辞， 使语言生动有力。 英语宜采用替代、省略、变换等避免重复， 使行文简洁、有力，符合英语民族心理习 惯。
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一、替代 1 名词性替代 英译汉不如英译法那么容易。 Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French.
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3 分句性替代
中华民族从来就是一个伟大的勇敢的勤劳的民族， 只是在近代落伍了。这种落伍，完全是被外帝国 主义和本国反动政府所压迫和剥削的结果。 The Chinese have always been a great, courageous and industrious nation; it is only in modern times that they have fallen behind, which was due entirely to oppression and exploitation by foreign imperialism and domestic reactionary governments.
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4. 意义重复
He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project. The bachelor’s degree is a necessary requisite for matriculation. May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited only to aeronautics?
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3 句式重复
Now is the time for everyone to vote, for everything depends upon this election. All are against corruption, and so they should vote the Reform ticket. This is not a foolish thing, for the voters can elect anyone they want. But the people must turn out heavily, for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want. Everybody should turn out to vote in this election, for the triumph of the Reform party means the end of corruption in office. If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough numbers, they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.
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Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil. Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking, one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind. A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s.
Any given culture is a reflection of the politics and economics of a given society, and the former in turn has a tremendous effect and influence on the latter.
Close study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department.
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2 词语重复
We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village. Dr. Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will be as serious as the absinthe scourge in France. Even to borrow money is wrong, according to Kant, because if everyone did borrow money, there would be no money left to borrow.
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Gathering facts, confirming them, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings— this is all the work of science. 收集资料，论证资料，提出理论，检验理论，并 对研究成果进行归纳整理－－这就是科学工作的 全部内容。
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二、省略 省略和替代一样，也是避免重复的手段，语 言学称为“零位替代”(zerosubstitution)。英语省略的类型很多， 有名词性省略、动词省略、句法省略、也有 情景省略。英语常省略已经出现的词，而汉 语则重复这些词语。
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野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。 阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写 作训练人的思维。 说一个人自私，不是因为他只考虑自己的利 益，而是因为他不顾邻人的利益。
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一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩七分错误，还是 七分成绩三分错误，必须有个根本的估价。 We must have a fundamental evaluation of a person’s work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 percent and his mistakes to 70 percent, or vice versa.
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2 动词性替代
美国人今年削减国防开支，我怀疑俄国人也会这 样。 The Americans are reducing their defense expenditure this year. I wonder if the Russians will do so. 你不愿意落后，她也不愿意落后。 You don’t want to lag behind. Neither does she.
化学变化是改变粒子结构，形成新物质的一种变 化。
A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed.
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一定的文化是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给 予一定社会的政治和经济以巨大的作用和影响。
1
在英语中避免如下几种重复：
1 音节的重复
Commercials seldom make for entertaining and relaxing listening.
Commercials seldom entertain and relax the listener.
2
Close examination of the results of the investigation led to a reorganization of the department.
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三、变换
English achieves variation by using superordinates or general words: The monkey’s most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, it had learned to solo on the vehicle.
这只猴子最了不起的技能是学会驾驶拖拉机。到了九 岁的时候，它已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。
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John’s bought himself a new Ford. He practically lives in the car. I don’t know where to stay when I arrive in New York. I have never been to that place.