外文出处：Li, Jin, Jin, Ning, Tian, & Yanbao. (2005). Thinking of Traffic Crowding in Economic View. 第五届交通运输领域国际学术会议Thinking of Traffic Crowding in Economic ViewAbstract：Traffic is an important resource ．Within many reasons of traffic crowding．The arrangement of property right of roads is of primary importance．Illegibility of property right is the fundamental reason of roads crowding．Due to traffic crowding，the volume in deed is more than that of in need. And there exists excessive using of roads．Crowding is resulted from the failure to allocate road resource The loss due to traffic crowding appears as waste of traffic resource and reduction of benefit of economy．To solve the problem．it needs not only construction of road but also controlling the traffic demand．It is of most importance that the property right of roads should be arranged renewed in the case of system．Economically．This paper explains the traffic crowding and analyses traffic crowding problems．It tries to find a reasonable way for solving the problem of crowding accordingly．Key words：Traffic crowding；System of property right；Management of demand；StrategyEconomic Explanation and Analysis on Road Traffic CrowdingEconomic Explanation of Road Traffic CrowdingTaking urban traffic crowding as all example．The average time that the residents take on the bus to their working places is 10 minutes．if few people take cars．there will be no affect to the ones who take buses．But if too many cars go to the roads in the rush hours，which will cause traffic crowding on the roads，then the time they spend in the cars on their way to their working places will not only be shortened，but be prolonged and longer than taking buses，that is，15 minutes，while the time for taking buses on their way to the working places will be 25 minutes．From this simple example．we can analyze the prerequisites and reasons for the traffic crowding．The basic reason lies in the arrangement of the road property right．As long as the road property right belongs to the government，the road property right will not be clearly determined．The obscure property system is the basic reason of the traffic crowding on the road．When the property right is not determined．the road are absolutely public articles，so the fee collection for the public articles will become very difficult．The biggest difficulty is that they cannot consider the cost when they are using the roads，and they need not bear any responsibility for using the roads. Furthermore, they need not consider the long-term development issues of the roads，such as capital payback，maintenance and re—production．To each owner of the automobile．This motive and behavior caused by the road property right arrangement obviously embodied on the point of view of the cost．Economic Analysis of traffic CrowdingTo the drivers，they cannot see the whole cost for driving out，and neglect the fact that it is because of their joining in the driving flow that makes the other vehicles lower their speed the owners of the cars just calculate their marginal personal cost，and they never consider the extra cost to other ear owners due to the increasing of road crowding level．As long as the personal driving benefit is than the marginal personal cost，the individuals will continuously join in the driving flows．In the eyes of each individual，the marginal personal cost(MPC)of himself is always lower than the actual expenses occurred to others due to the joining of his car，that is，the marginal social cost(MSC)，so the cost for the crowding equals to the balance obtained by MSC minus MPC．The characteristic of the urban traffic demand causes the road resource to be un-sufficiently used in the non—rush hours and over-crowded in the rush hours．Actually, the traffic volume in the rush hours that is determined by traffic demand curve and marginal personal cost make it impossible to make the urban traffic reach the best economic benefit．After the simple analysis on the traffic crowding．we can get down to the discussion on the arrangement of the property right．As above stated，the over-use of the roads is resulted from the arrangement of the road property right，and the arrangement of road property right will inevitably cause the non—cooperation of the road users，which is embodied as the difference between marginal social cost and marginal personal cost．So，to solve the crowding problem is to overcome the difference between personal cost and social cost and to change the arrangement of the property right of the roads from the system．To clearly determine the property right is the sufficient prerequisite for removing the crowding．When the road property right belongs to the government．But the government does not collect fees from the road users，thus the rare road resource is offered free of charge，the road will be crowded and even jammed．Solving methods of the traffic crowdingAccording the above analysis，We must collect extra pass fees from the road users in order to solve the problem of road crowding，letting them bear another kind of fees Oil the basis of marginal personal cost．This part of fees shall be equal to the difference between marginal social cost and marginal personal cost，that is，the outer effect of the crowding．This part of fees is usually called crowding fees．Fees for Using the RoadMany economists have ever advocated 801ving the traffic crowding problem by collecting fees for the use of the road．The so-called policy of road usage fees refer8 to the fees collected by the government，which is equivalent to C1-C2，thus increasing the marginal personal fees to the level of the marginal social fees and decreasing the driving flow rate from Q2 to Q1．It will face some policy limitation problems to solve traffic crowding problem with road tinge fees．Firstly the road usage fees come into being in the transportation market structure in which the private cars occupy a large proportion．Through the way of traffic demand transfer or substitute，that is，by increasing the driving fees，to make part of the private car owners give up private traffic and change to take public traffic buses．In the developing countries, Such as China，the proportion of private cars is low，so it is very limited to solve the traffic crowding by just collecting road usage fees from the private car owners，furthermore，it will also be criticized and opposed by public opinions．In China，the collection of road usage fees shall be mainly focused on the vehicles of enterprises and public institution．By increasing the car usage fees，the economic advantage for using cars in these units will be eliminated. Thus making them so]re the traffic demand by taking public transportation vehicles or specialized transportation companies．The road usage fee is used to solve traffic crowding problem with pricing lever. Which may drive away the people with lower income from the road and make driving as a privilege of the rich．Thus a problem related to social fairness will occur．When the traffic demand has a lower flexibility，the traffic paupers will occur．Obviously，how to use road user fee is a crucial problem．The ideal result is to give a certain subsidy to the traffic paupers，making up the loss from being driven away from the road，meanwhile not making them go back to drive Oil the road．So the economists suggest the government u8e this part of tax Oil the improvement of public communication system，thus the people with lower income will utilize the public communications system offered by the government，and the people with higher income will maintain the road usage right by paying a certain cost．To increase the fees for road usage，making MPC move upwards to determine the reasonable driving flow rate，which can not only solve the problem of over-load of the road to some extent，prolong the service life of the roads，make the traffic volume move to the best level Q1，but also let the car owners pay reasonable driving fees including reasonable road usage fee，thus reducing the financial burden of the city and achieving double economic benefits．At the same time．the decreasing of driving flow rate will also produce such effect as reducing environmental pollution(such as noises and exhaust gas)．Levying traffic Crowding TaxThe traffic crowding usually comes up in a certain period of time when large amount of traffic demand 0ccurs. In order to solve the traffic crowding problem resulted from the uneven of time. Some economists proposal to adopt the method of levy traffic crowding tax, the core of which is to solve the time contradiction of the traffic demand by adjusting the traffic fees of the rush hours and non—rush hours，thus guiding the travelers to use the traffic devices in non-rush hours more frequently．By levying traffic crowding tax from the vehicles running in the rush hours，some of the vehicles that run in rush hours will choose to run in the non—rashhours.In this way．the traffic tension in rush hours will be reduced to some extent，at the same time，the roads will be sufficiently used in the non-rush hours，thus making the economic efficiency as highest as possible．After the vehicles run in the rush hours are levied the traffic crowding tax，the net gains responding to a certain traffic volume will be decreased，consequently the traffic demand in the rush hours will decrease．the demand curve will move leftward；if the total traffic demand does not change，the traffic demand in the non-rush hours will accordingly increase，then the traffic demand difference between the rush hours and non．rush hours will be reduced．It should be noted that，if the demand in rush hours and non—rush hours is equal，it will have a cross point with time cost curve at point E，each time traffic volume is indicated as Q0，the largest economic benefit will be achieved．But，as a kind of time difference pricing policy，the traffic crowding tax will also face many problems in practice．The crowding tax is levied from the traffic users crowded the traffic is. The higher the tax will be levied. While traffic crowding is produced by the behavior of traveling to work，so it will cause abuse from the working people．But if the traffic fees are born by the enterprises and the public institutions，the condition will be chased essentially and in practice this method is very popular．The traffic crowding tax levied from the vehicles run in rush hours can be levied directly from the vehicles traveling in the rush hours，or collect higher license fees from the vehicles traveling in rush hours than from those traveling in non—rush hours．As to the former condition，stations for collecting fees shall be set up at the crucial places where the vehicles must pass through．But obviously it needs some cost for collecting the fees. Such as the cost for setting up the stations，salaries for the staff and time cost for paying the fees for the vehicles etc, sometimes it will increase traffic crowding level．In the latter condition, no corresponding fees collecting cost is needed，but a certain of traffic monitoring technology must be prepared in order to distinguish and inspect the plates of the vehicles in different periods．The prerequisite for the implementation of crowding tax is that the travelers must have reasonable prediction on the road traffic status and the cost of different traveling routes．In order to effectively implement traffic crowding tax policy，all intellectual communications system must be established and perfected，and the traffic information broadcasting system must be perfected．thus the travelers can choose the economical traveling route in advance．基于经济学的交通拥挤问题的思考摘要：交通是一种重要的资源。