随意传阅•顺颂试安注释：1•“ * ”在书上是黑体字，但感觉不重要背了也没什么卵用2•“ ”背景色项表示答案恰好有三项，可能出选择 3. 人名已加黑，可能连线或选择4. 每章节的末尾有方便记忆的单词表(只包括这篇总结中出现的关键单词)5. 方便理解记忆，已在各项下方注明中文释义6•“，”大部分都是作为点之间的分割，类似于逗号，前后不连成句子Chapter 1 ------ P erspectives in psychology 心理学纵览Section 1: Approaches to psychology 心理学入门What is psychology? 心理学是什么Defin iti ons: The scie ntific study of behaviour and men tal processes. 定义：对行为和心理过程的科学研究Psychology come from: ① philosophy,② biology ③ physics. 心理学来源于：哲学、生物学和医学When: 1879 as a separate scientific discipline. 形成于：1879年，作为独立学科History (develop): structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive psychology,approach, biological approach.历史发展：结构主义，机能主义，精神分析，行为主义，认知，人本主义，生理。
The psychoa nalytic approach to psychology 精神分析理论Origins & history: Sigmund Freud , unconscious mental causes, treat as the causes of mental disorders,theory.历史来源：弗洛伊德提出潜意识心理动机，把它视为心理疾病的原因，并建立理论。
Assumpti ons: uncon scious processes, psychic determ ini sm, hydraulic drives, psychody namic con flict, developme nt.假设：潜意识过程，精神决定论，驱力(攻击、性)，心理动力冲突，发展阶段Methods of in vestigati on: case study (method), free associati on (tech), dream an alysis (tech). 研究方法：个案研究方法，自由联想技术，梦的解析技术*Areas of expla nati on: pers on ality developme nt, moral/ge nder developme nt, aggressi on, abn ormality, memory. 可解释领域：人格发展，道德 /性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆 *Weaknesses: unrefutable, theoretically unscientific. 缺点：不可被其他事件驳斥，因此理论不具科学性 The behaviourist approach to psychology行为主义理论Origins & history: Joh n Wats on , empiricism, lear ning. 历史来源：华生，经验主义，学习Assumpti ons: behaviour is lear ned from the environment, only observable behaviour should be studied.心理学专业英语总结HXYhuma ni sticbuilt up anstages of假设：行为来源于环境，研究可观察的行为*Areas of expla nati on: Ian guage acquisiti on, moral developme nt, attract ion, abno rmality.可解释领域：语言习得，道德发展，吸引，异常The huma ni stic approach to psychology 人本主义理论Origins & history: conscious free will, aimed to investigate all the uniquely human aspects of experienee, Maslow and self- actualise, Carl Rogers and client-centred therapy.历史来源：自由意志，人类特有的经验，马斯洛的自我实现，罗杰斯的来访者中心疗法Assumptions: study human not other animal, must be meaningful to human, study internal experience and free will, study the in dividual case, studied in their environmen tal con text.假设：关于人的观点必须出于对于人的研究，研究应对人类有用，研究内部体验和自由意志，研究个案，研究应在具体环境下Areas of expla nati on: pers on ality/self ide ntity, motivati on, abno rmality.可解释领域：人格/自我认同，动机，异常The cog nitive approach to psychology 认知主义理论Origi ns and history: computer, i nformati on processors ‘internal men tal processes.历史来源：计算机，类比人脑为信息加工者，内部心理过程。
Jerome Brun er*Areas: memory, perception, attention, artificial intelligence, social cognition, cognitive development.可解释领域：记忆，知觉，注意，人工智能，社会认知，认知发展*Practical applicati ons: memory, educati on, therapy, pers on ality assessme nt.实践应用：记忆，教育，治疗，人格测评The biological approach to psychology 生理心理学Roger Sperry 罗杰•斯佩里*Areas of expla nati on: gen der developme nt, aggressi on, abno rmality, memory, motivatio n, aware ness.可解释领域：性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆，动机，意识*Practical applicati on: localisati on of function, therapy.实践应用：功能定位说，治疗The reducti onism debate in psychology 关于还原论的争论1. Reductionism 还原论Assumptions: explaining a phenomenon by breaking it down into its constituent parts and then analysing it. 假设：通过将现象拆分成组成部分并分析的方法解释现象Again st:① oversimplificati on ② value of expla nati on ③ validity of reducti oni sm.反对理由：过度简化，解释的价值(细节/有用性)，效度2. Holism & In teractio nism 整体论(与互动论)Assumptions: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. 假设：整体优于部分*Examples: huma ni stic psychology, social psychology, psychoa nalysis, abno rmal psychology, percepti on.例子：人本，社会，精神分析，变态，知觉Again st: practical difficulty, ig nore the huge in flue nce of biology, lack the predictive power.反对理由：难于实践研究，忽略生理影响，缺乏预测力The nature-nurture debate in psychology 先后天之争1. Nature先天遗传决定论Approach: ①roots of the approach(nativist philosophy, biology, evolutionary theory) 理论根源②causes of behaviour (gen etic determ inism, in herited in flue nce, maturati onal bluepri nt, n eurochemicaland hormo nal in flue nces, brain activity)(基因、遗传、个体成熟、神经化学与荷尔蒙的影响和大脑活动。
)③methods (ge ne mapp ing, twin/adopti on study, brain sca nning, brain stimulati on /damage study, drug test)④implicatio ns (behaviour can only be cha nged through physical means) 启示⑤criticisms (reduct ioni st, n eglect environmen tal in flue nces) 过于简单，忽视环境对人行为的影响②causes of behaviour (blank slate at birth, experienee, learning from environment) 源于经验和环境学习③methods (classical and opera nt con diti oning tech niq ues, man ipulati on of social environment)研究方法(经典条件反射、操作性条件反射，改变社会环境)④implicatio ns (An ybody could be trained to do anything) 启示⑤criticisms (reductio nist, neglect inn ate in flue nces) 过于简单，忽视遗传因素在人行为中的作用3. Both*Areas of expla nati on: perceptio n, aggressi on, sex-role behaviour, abno rmality, la nguage acquisiti on.可解释领域：知觉，攻击性，性别角色行为，异常，语言获得*ln teract ion examples: percepti on, cog nitive developme nt, abno rmality, sex-role behaviour.交互作用举例：感知觉，认知发展，行为异常，性别角色行为*The sta nding of the differe nt: biopsychology, psychoa nalysis, cog nitive psychology, huma ni sm, behaviourism.二者在心理学中作用：生理心理学，精神分析，认知，人本，行为The freewill vs. Determi nism debate in psychology 自由意志理论与决定论之争1. FreewillAssumptions: humans are free to choose their behabiour, self-determining, soft determinism( William James ).假设：人类可以自由选择行为，人本质上是自我决定的，软决定论Again st: difficult to defi ne, evide nce is mostly subjective, be in compatible with the determ ini stic assumpti ons of scie nee. 反对理由：很难定义，证据主观，与决定论的科学性不匹配2. DeterminismAssumpti ons: every physical event is caused, future eve nts are en tirely predictable, emphasis on causal laws. 假设：所有物理事件都是被引起的，未来事件完全可以预测，注重因果法则Idiographic vs. Nomothetic approaches to psychology 心理学特殊规律与一般规律1. Nomothetic approach 一般规律研究法Definitions: The approach of investigating large groups of people to try to find general laws of behaviour that apply to everyone.定义：通过调查大群体的人，试图找到适用于每个人的普遍行为规律的研究方法。