Lesson One NEW WORDSn.冻雨，雨夹雪2. depend vi.依赖,取决于3. hail n.雹4. form vt.,vi.形成5. low a.低的6. temperature n.温度7. molecule n.分子8. cling vi.粘着9. droplet n.小水滴10. dust n.灰尘11. particle n.粒子,微粒12. nucleus n.核,原子核n.露水n.晶体n.冷凝,凝结16. rapid a.快的n.湿气,水分18. freeze vi.结冰n.雨点ad.代替,替换n.雪片n.形状23. flake n.薄片a.六角形的n.透镜vt.,vi.打击击中,撞n.雷雨a.迅速的n.气流,潮流vt.,vi.抛,扔,颠簸vt.取得,获得n.冰雹vi.粘住n.理论vt.说明,解释,阐明PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSThe more the more越…越…So that 如此…以致…Take place 发生As soon as 一…就…High above 大大高于Well below 远远低于Take on 呈现A bit of 一点A mass of 一块Start out 出发,着手进行layer of 一层TEXTRAIN, SNOW, SLEET, AND HAILThe forming of rain in a cloud depends upon temperature. The lower the temperature, the more the molecules of water vapor in the cloud cling together. Then they form droplets of water. Usually droplets form around dust or other particles in the air when the dew point is reached. If ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form.In clouds, condensation may be so rapid that millions of droplets of water are formed. As these droplets collect more molecules and therefore become heavier, their weight makes them fall to the earth. If the temperature of the air is above freezing the drops will fall as rain.When the air high above the earth is well below freezing, the moisture in the air does not form raindrops. Instead, it forms snow. Snowflakes take on many interesting shapes. They seem to be formed around a center. Snow is made up of millions of these flakes, each a bit of water vapor that in freezing temperatures was changed into a flake of snow.Snowflakes are really crystals; they are water molecules grouped in a hexagonal pattern. It is interesting to study snowflake crystals under a hand lens.Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth. The raindrops may start downward through a layer of warm air and then strike a mass of cold air, where each raindrop freezes. These frozen raindropsfall to the earth as sleet; skeet us frozen rain.Sometimes still another change may take place in drops of rain. During a thunderstorm, swift upward currents of air usually carry raindrops with them. As the air grows colder, these raindrops may form little balls of ice. In a mass of warm air, they may get a coating of moisture, which freezes as soon as they are tossed up again into a colder mass of air. Up and down they are carried, acquiring more and more layers of ice. This goes on until the balls of ice become heavy enough to fall to the earth as hailstones. If you cut a hailstone in two, you can see the layers of ice.Some scientists think that hailstones are formed in a different way. A hailstone nucleus, a tiny droplet of water that is frozen, may form high in the atmosphere. As it falls through a cloud, it meets cold water droplets and snowflakes which stick to this nucleus. The hailstone may meet many of these droplets and snowflakes before it falls from the cloud to the earth. As the droplets of water stick to the hailstone, they add a clear layer of ice. As snowflakes stick to it, they form a cloudy layer. This theory explains why clear and cloudy layers are found inside the hailstone when it is cut open.EXERCISESthe following sentences with nouns formed from the verbs given in brackets.＿of rain depends on the ＿and the ＿of tiny droplets of water vapour in the cloud.(form/condense/combine)the droplets are heavy enough to fall, ＿can take place.(precipitate)＿and ＿of water can be observed in everyday life.(evaporate/condense)＿of ice to water and water to water vapour by heating is a good ＿of the change of state of matter.(convert/illustrate)100 equal ＿are made after the ＿by＿of the boiling point of water and the melting point of ice.(divide/determine/observe)best ＿of what takes place is the ＿of good examples.(explain/provide)7. A lake which is used for water＿is sometimes high enough for the ＿of ＿by gravity to transport the water along the pipes to the houses below.(store/exert/press)science, the Centigrade thermometer is used for the ＿of temperature.(measure)II. Answer the following questions based on information found in the text.is rain formeddoes the moisture in the air from snowis snow made up ofis the difference between rain and sleetare clear and cloudy layers found inside a hailstone when it is cut openIII. Give the English equivalents of the following expressions.1.取决于温度2.使雨点落到地面3.呈不同形状4.冷到足以形成小冰珠5.切成两半the different uses of the word “form” in the following sentences:forming of rain is discussed in the text.molecules of water vapor form droplets.ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form.droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth.scientists think that hailstones are formed in a different way.molecules if water vapor come together, forming droplets of water.V. Replace each dash ＿with the proper form of the verb “freeze”.the air is well below＿,the moisture in the air forms snow.＿temperatures water vapor will be changed into snowflakes.a mass of cold air each raindrop＿.is ＿rain.hailstone nucleus is a tiny droplet of water which is ＿.VI. Translate the following sentences into English.1.水滴开始在空气中形成时的温度叫露点.2.空气越热,它能容纳的水分越多.3.雾是靠近地面的云.4.地球表面夜晚通常要比白天冷.5.当含有水分的空气接触到寒冷的地面时,水汽开始从空气中跑出来并以水滴的形式聚集在它所接触到的任何东西上面.6.没有雨,就不能有植物,没有植物,也就没有动物.XII. Translate the following passage into Chinese.In some regions, particularly the dry ones ,there is water vapor in the air, but the conditions may seldom be right for this vapor to condense and fall as rain or snow. Rain, snow, hail, dew, and are known as precipitation. Even where rainfall is usually moderate, there is at times a lack of rain. A drought may lead to serious water shortages, as it did in New York City in 1949 and 1950 and again in 1963 to 1966.In the summer of 1949, New York City’s reservoirs were down to one third of what they normally held. Several billion gallons of water were being used each day. So serious was the water shortage that people were asked to have one bathless, shaveless, and washless day a week. Cars went unwashed, lawns and parks unsprinkled. Even a glass of water was not servedin restaurants unless asked for. Lesson TwoNEW WORDSn.矿物n.性质,特性a.裸露的n.详情vt.暴露vt.放大n.放大率vt.,vi.悬挂,吊ad.特别,格外vt.区别,辨认,把…区别分类vt.规定,下定义a.唯一的,独特的n.颗粒n.石英n.质量a.复杂的,复合的n.混合物vi.变化,不同a.精确的n.柘榴石n.构成组成n.多种,异种种类n.范围,领域n.比例ad.因此a.无限的, 广大的vt.使为难,使手足无措n.排列vt.分类vt. (out)分类,划分a.较重要的,主要的n.分类,划分vt. (into)划分,把…分成为…a.火成的a.沉淀的,沉积的a.变形的,变质的n.领域王国,界a.特殊的,有特色的n.记号a.值得注意的,显著的a.精确的n.一打,若干,许许多多n.简单化,单一化a.稀少的,少见的a.不平常的,少见的n.亚种vt.承认,认出n.世故的人vt.苦心搜集,选集n.解释a.职业的,本职的n.岩石学家n.矿物学PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSFor example例如Because of 由于,因为Regardless of不管,不顾(to) be faced with …面对着…,面临(to)make order 整理despite of 不管,任凭even if 即使either…or…或…或…on the one hand…on the otherhand…一方面…另一方面…TEXTROCKS ARE MADE UP OF MINERALSMost of a rock’s properties are easily seen with the naked eye, though the details are better revealed with a low-power magnifying glass (magnification of 5 × to 10×) —the hand lens that field geologists usually have hanging around their necks. From the characteristics show, particularly the physical and chemical properties we can distinguish several thousand minerals, each defined by its unique set of properties. Thus all grains or crystals of quartz have just about the same qualities, regardless of the kind of rock in which they are found. Some minerals, particularly those that have a more complex mixture of atoms,vary slightly in their properties, depending on their precise composition. A mineral like garnet, for example, has a number of varieties, each with its own range of composition, such as the proportions of iron and other elements, and hence, properties. Rocks are not as uniquely defined by their properties as minerals are. Because of the immense number of ways in which the thousands of minerals can be combined, the geologist is faced with a bewildering array of rock types. The only way for us to make order out of this array is to classify like with like and to sort out by general type. The major division of rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic is just such an aid. Within each major division there are many groups and types. Using characteristic properties, we can divide the rock kingdom into several hundred general types, each with its own more or less distinctive earmarks.Despite all of these numbers, it is remarkable how much can be done even if only a small number of the most common minerals and rocks are known. In most parts of the world a field geologist can make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock types. This simplification is possible because most of the thousands of known minerals are either rare or unusual on the one hand or subspecies or varieties on the other. Thus the geologist who can recognize garnet will do well, even though a mineral sophisticate who can distinguish the many varieties of garnet by their slightly different chemical compositions might do better. Naturally, the more we can distinguish, the more the information gleaned, and the greater the power of our theories of explanation. Than is why professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogy.EXERCISESthe words in Column A with their definitions in Column B, placing the appropriate letters in the blanks: Column A Column B＿1. Reveal a. Change＿2. Quality b. Put into groups＿3. Regardless of c. Distinguish＿4. Vary d. Unusual＿on e. gather＿6. Classify f. Property＿7. Precise g. Show＿8. Rare h. According to＿9. Recognize i. Negligent＿10. Glean j. Accuratethe following questions in English.can we distinguish different kinds of mineralsis the geologist faced with a bewildering array of rock typesare the three major divisions of rocksmany types can the rock kingdom be divided intocan a field geologist make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock typesdo professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogythe English equivalents of the following expressions.1.用肉眼可以看到2.面临一些问题3.具有相同的特性4.把相似的东西归为一类5.几十种主要矿物6.差别微小的化学组成IV. Give nouns corresponding to the following adjectives or verbs.V. Fill the blanks with appropriate prepositions.If the nature ＿rocks can give us a clue ＿many ＿the tings we want to know ＿the earth, how do we go about it We need an interpretive key. First ＿all we want to find out just what the minerals are made up ＿and how the rock is put together from its constituent minerals. ＿its composition we should be able to say something ＿where the parent material came ＿and what it was like. ＿the composition and the texture ＿the rock we should also be able to tell something of the pressures and temperatures ＿which the rock was formed ＿comparing them ＿the artificial rocks and mineral made ＿experimental petrologists ＿the laboratory.VI. Translate the following sentences into English.1.有些岩石很硬,有些轻轻一敲便成碎片.2.不能用化学或物理方法容易地分离开来的矿物称为造岩矿物.3.岩石的矿物组成千差万别,这种差别是岩石分类的基础.4.石英结晶时,如果有足够的空间,会形成美丽的六角形晶体.5.大部分沉积岩是在海水下面形成的.6.矿物有几千种,每种有它自己的组成.the following passage into Chinese.Rocks and the minerals that make them up are the tangible record of geologic processes. The varied minerals of the earth areunderstood in terms of their architecture — the way in which their atoms are arranged to make crystal structures. The kinds of atoms and their type of chemical bonding determine not only the crystal structures but the chemical and physical properties of minerals, all of which are used for their identification. Rocks are divided into the three major groups, igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary on the basis of origin. They are further subdivided within each group according to mineral composition and texture, which provide the data that allow us to interpret details of their origin.Lesson ThreeNEW WORDSn.火山活动n.地壳vi.破碎,断裂a.熔化的vi.延伸,延展n.,a.内部的n.火山n.行为,举止,情况n.火山学10. crystallization n.结晶(作用)11. fluid n.流体,液体vi.,vt.逃走,漏出,逸出,避免13. crack n.裂隙n.火山学家15. refer vt.,vi将…归入,认为…属于,提到a.,n.喷出的17. toothpaste n.牙膏18. extrude vt.挤出,使喷出19. eruption n.喷发,爆发20. occur vi.发生,出现21. magma n.岩浆22. dissolve vt.,vi.溶解23. fissure n.裂缝24. atmospheric a.大气25. explosively ad.爆炸(爆发)性的26. chill vt.使冷却27. atmosphere n.大气28. froth vt.,vi.,n.(使)起泡沫,泡沫29. burst vt.,vi.破裂,爆发,喷出30. bubble n.泡,泡沫31. vent n.喷口32. cone n.圆锥形(物)vi.燃烧,放光34. column n.圆柱PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS(to) be charged with …充满着less and less 越来越少at all 完全,根本(常用在否定句中)in much the same way以大体相同的方式TEXTVOLCANISMWhen the earth’s crust fractures, molten matter may flow from the break if it extends deep enough into the interior of the earth. A volcano may form. Earth scientists have studied the behavior and composition of molten rock materials and the forms that are produced . This branch of earth science is called volcanology.Some igneous rocks are formed by crystallization of fluid matter that has escaped through deep cracks in the eart h’s crust. Volcanologists refer to these rocks as extrusive rocks, or extrusives. If a tube of toothpaste has a crack in it and you press on the tube, some of the paste is pushed out. That is, the paste has been extruded. Volcanic eruptions occur in much the same way. The magma within the earth may be heavily charged with gases and steam. These are under such great pressure that they are dissolved in the magma. If a fissure develops in a region where the magma is heavily charged with steam and otherdissolved gases, the fluid magma rises through the fissure. As it rises, the pressure on it becomes less and less. The gases and steam expand, producing a force that helps to move the molten materials to the surface of the earth.When they reach the surface of the earth, the only pressure against them is atmospheric pressure—pounds per square inch. The steam and gases now expand suddenly and explosively , producing additional great force. The molten materials, laden with rapidly expanding gas and steam, may be thrown high into the air in a wild and noisy eruption.In this kind of an eruption, the molten materials are quickly chilled by the much cooler atmosphere. They fall back to the earth as solid fragments of extrusive igneous rocks. During an explosive eruption the molten fluids may be so heavily charged with gas and steam that they froth. Bursting of the bubbles in the molten froth produces billions of tiny fragments of mineral matter, which were once part of the bubble walls. These tiny fragments may be carried upward into the atmosphere by the explosive force of the eruption. These they form great clouds of volcanic dust. Slightly larger fragments of the froth may fall back around the vent, or opening, in the crust to make a cone-shaped pile of volcanic ash.The light produced during volcanic activity is the result of the glowing of gases and molten fluids. The “smoke” of a volcano is not smoke at all, but the column of volcanic dust, steam, and other gases that are given off from the molten fluid. EXERCISESI. Explain the meaning of these words in English.2. Fracture3. crust4. Interior6. magma8. AtmosphereII. Give the word with opposite meaning to .5. riseIII. Give the English equivalent of the following expressions .1.从裂口流出来2.深及地球内部3.通过裂缝逸出4.以同样的方式进行5.充满了溶解的气体6.每平方英寸7抛入高空8.落回地面9．在爆发期间10.稍大一些的碎片IV. Answer the following questions in English . does a volcano formdoes volcanology deal withhappens when you press on a tube of toothpaste with a crack in ithappens when a fissure develops in a region where the magma within the earth is heavily charged with gases and steam makes molten fluids frothdo we say that the “ smoke “ of a volcano is not smoke at allV. Fill the blanks with appropriate prepositionsMen have come to know a great deal ＿the surface ＿the earth ＿direct or fairly direct observation .They have explored it ,surveyed it and mapped it ＿the air ;they have analysed its rocks . One could not apply such methods ＿the study ＿the earth’s interior . The deepest mines penetrate less than two miles ; the deepest boreholoes do not go down such farther. These are the merest pinpricks ＿a planet the size ＿the earth , ＿an average radius ＿3,960 miles .Indirect means must be used , therefore , to infer the internal structure＿the earth . The geophysicist , or earth scientist , gathers his evidence ＿various source . He analyzes data bearing＿earthquakes and the rotation ＿the earth . He measures the tides ; he considers variations ＿the earth. He measures the tides; he considers variations ＿gravity at various parts ＿the earth’s surface. He also tries to reproduce ＿his laboratory the conditions that he believes to exist ＿the interior ＿our planet.the following sentences with nouns formed from the verbs given in brackets.around you seems to be in ＿.(move)＿in the density of air masses is partly a result of their ＿.(differ/compose)heat energy in the magma flows by ＿to the cooler crust .(conduct)hot ＿rises and spreads out across the surface.(mix)in the earth are produced by forces of ＿, or the pushing together of the crust.(compress)matter is extruded because it is under ＿.(press)VII. Translate the following sentences into English.1.岩浆是矿物质，气体和水在高压和高温下的混合物。