基于图形界面的桁架桥梁结构分析(step by step)
下面以一个简单桁架桥梁为例,以展示有限元分析的全过程。
背景素材选自位于密执安的"Old North Park Bridge" (1904 - 1988),见图3-22。
该桁架桥由型钢组成,顶梁及侧梁,桥身弦杆,底梁分别采用3 种不同型号的型钢,结构参数见表3-6。
桥长L=32m,桥高H=5.5m。
桥身由8 段桁架组成,每段长4m。
该桥梁可以通行卡车,若这里仅考虑卡车位于桥梁中间位置,假设卡车的质量为4000kg,若取一半的模型,可以将卡车对桥梁的作用力简化为P1 ,P2 和P3 ,其中P1= P3=5000 N, P2=10000N,见图3-23。
图3-22 位于密执安的"Old North Park Bridge" (1904 - 1988)
图3-23 桥梁的简化平面模型(取桥梁的一半)
表3-6 桥梁结构中各种构件的几何性能参数
解答以下为基于ANSYS 图形界面(Graphic User Interface , GUI)的菜单操作流程。
(1) 进入ANSYS(设定工作目录和工作文件)
程序→ANSYS →ANSYS Interactive →Working directory(设置工作目录)→Initial jobname (设置工作文件名):TrussBridge →Run →OK
(2) 设置计算类型
ANSYS Main Menu:Preferences… →Structural →OK
(3) 定义单元类型
ANSYS Main Menu:Preprocessor →Element Type →Add/Edit/Delete... →Add…→Beam: 2d elastic 3 →OK(返回到Element Types窗口)→Close
(4) 定义实常数以确定梁单元的截面参数
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor →Real Constants…→Add/Edit/Delete →Add…→select Type 1 Beam 3 →OK →input Real Constants Set No. : 1 , AREA: 2.19E-3,Izz: 3.83e-6(1号实常数用于顶梁和侧梁) →Apply →input Real Constants Set No. : 2 , AREA: 1.185E-3,Izz: 1.87E-6 (2号实常数用于弦杆) →Apply →input Real Constants Set No. : 3, AREA: 3.031E-3,Izz: 8.47E-6 (3号实常数用于底梁) →OK (back to Real Constants window) →Close (the Real Constants window)
(5) 定义材料参数
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor →Material Props →Material Models →Structural →Linear →Elastic →Isotropic →input EX: 2.1e11, PRXY: 0.3(定义泊松比及弹性模量) →OK →Density (定义材料密度) →input DENS: 7800, →OK →Close(关闭材料定义窗口)
(6) 构造桁架桥模型
生成桥体几何模型
ANSYS Main Menu:Preprocessor →Modeling →Create →Keypoints →In Active CS →NPT Keypoint number:1,X,Y,Z Location in active CS:0,0 →Apply →同样输入其余15个特征点坐标(最左端为起始点,坐标分别为(4,0), (8,0), (12,0), (16,0), (20,0), (24,0), (28,0), (32,0), (4,5.5), (8,5.5), (12,5.5), (16.5.5), (20,5.5), (24,5.5), (28,5.5))→Lines →Lines →Straight Line →依次分别连接特征点→OK 网格划分
ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor →Meshing →Mesh Attributes →Picked Lines →选择桥顶梁及侧梁→OK →select REAL: 1, TYPE: 1 →Apply →选择桥体弦杆→OK →select REAL: 2, TYPE: 1 →Apply →选择桥底梁→OK →select REAL: 3, TYPE:1 →OK →ANSYS Main Menu:Preprocessor →Meshing →MeshTool →位于Size Controls下的Lines:Set →Element Size on Picked →Pick all →Apply →NDIV:1 →OK →Mesh →Lines →Pick all →OK (划分网格)
(7) 模型加约束
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution →Define Loads →Apply →Structural→Displacement →On Nodes →选取桥身左端节点→OK →select Lab2: All DOF(施加全部约束) →Apply →选取桥身右端节点→OK →select Lab2: UY(施加Y方向约束) →OK
(8) 施加载荷
ANSYS Main Menu: Solution →Define Loads →Apply →Structural →Force/Moment →On Keypoints →选取底梁上卡车两侧关键点(X坐标为12及20)→OK →select Lab: FY,Value: -5000 →Apply →选取底梁上卡车中部关键点(X坐标为16)→OK →select Lab: FY,Value: -10000 →OK →ANSYS Utility Menu:→Select →Everything
(9) 计算分析
ANSYS Main Menu:Solution →Solve →Current LS →OK
(10) 结果显示
ANSYS Main Menu:General Postproc →Plot Results →Deformed shape →Def shape only →OK(返回到Plot Results)→Contour Plot →Nodal Solu →DOF Solution, Y-Component of Displacement →OK(显示Y方向位移UY)(见图3-24(a))
定义线性单元I节点的轴力
ANSYS Main Menu →General Postproc →Element Table →Define Table →Add →Lab: [bar_I], By sequence num: [SMISC,1] →OK →Close
定义线性单元J节点的轴力
ANSYS Main Menu →General Postproc →Element Table →Define Table →Add →Lab: [bar_J], By sequence num: [SMISC,1] →OK →Close
画出线性单元的受力图(见图3-24(b))
ANSYS Main Menu →General Postproc →Plot Results →Contour Plot →Line Elem Res →LabI: [ bar_I], LabJ: [ bar_J], Fact: [1] →OK
(11) 退出系统
ANSYS Utility Menu:File →Exit →Save Everything →OK。