《英语词汇学》期末课程论文内容及格式要求：学生完成基础词汇学理论的学习后，应根据所学词汇学理论知识，参考相关文献，设计、完成自己的学期课程论文。

论文要求用英语撰写，长度1500字以上。

要求文字通顺、思路清晰、内容充实、有一定的独立见解。

评分除了考虑语言表达能力（40%）外，还把独立见解和创新意识（40%）及格式规范（20%）作为重要依据。

格式：标题-title中英文摘要、关键词-abstract & key words in English & Chinese正文：1. Introduction 2. Body 3. Conclusions参考书目：References至少3部，其中至少应有1部英文文献。

交稿期限：第17周星期五（2011-12-23）请提交打印稿，并在首页右上端注明作者班级、姓名、学号。

Semantic Changes in English Language （Times New Roman,三号，加粗，居中）Abstract（Times New Roman, 四号，加粗）: Although word meaning is stable within a certain period of time, it changes, even radically, after thousands of years. The development of English has gone through three stages: Old English period, Middle English period, and Modern English period. The influence of the vocabularies of French, Latin, Greek, and Scandinavian and so on enriches the English vocabulary. ．．．It is good for our future learning of English, if we learn something about semantic changes. （Times New Roman，小四，单倍行距，内容不超过100字）Key Words（Times New Roman, 四号，加粗）:semantic change; types; tendencies; causes （Times New Roman，小四，单倍行距，3-5个关键词）英语词义的变化（宋体, 三号，加粗，居中）摘要（宋体, 四号，加粗）：词语的意义在一定时期内是相对稳定的,但历经千百年后,则会发生一定的甚至是重大的变化。

．．．．．．详细分析词义演变的原因及类型,将有助于读者加深理解词语的本质,体会词义演变这一必然趋势而掌握词义变化的知识,将对我们今后的英语学习有所裨益。

（宋体，小四，单倍行距，内容不超过100字）关键词（宋体, 四号，加粗）：词义演变；变化类型；变化趋势；变化原因（宋体，小四，单倍行距，3-5个关键词）1. Introduction （一级标题：Times New Roman, 四号，加粗，下同）Innovations, which change the lexical meaning rather than the grammaticalfunction of a form, are classed as“change ofmeaning” or “semantic change”. [1]（Times New Roman，小四，单倍行距，段首缩进4字符，下同）It is a fact that all languages change through time, though they do so slowly. As a general rule, language change is universal, continuous and to a considerable degree, regular and systematic. Semantic change plays a very important role in widening the vocabulary of a language. It makes the existing wordsmulti-semantic, that is, to give a new concept to an old form, thus the meaning of a form is multiplied. [2]（引用文献用上标注明）Though change in meaning is an ongoing process and pervasive, we could still find some rules in semantic change. There are many kinds of semantic changes. There are both linguistic forces and extra-linguistic forces behind semantic change.The thesis begins with the types of semantic change, and then the author tries to illustrate the three tendencies in semantic change. The following part analyzes the reasons for semantic change. In this part the author puts forward the linguistic and extra linguistic forces, which play important roles in the causes of semantic change. In the conclusion, the author points out that the gradual change of meaning is a universal feature of human language and is always affected by many factors.2. Types of semantic change2.1 Widening （二级标题：Times New Roman, 小四，加粗，下同）In the course of sense development a great number of words have been enlarged in meaning. Widening is a process in which a word requires a more general meaning.Semantic changes of this kind may occur in three ways.2.1.1 Specific to general （三级标题：Times New Roman, 小四，不加粗，下同）It is through widening of meaning that a mono-semantic word is madepoly-semantic.The word pipe had been used only to refer to a simple tube like musical instrument, played by blowing. But it is now applied to a representation of a tube used for carrying liquids and gas, often underground.…2.1.2 Proper nouns to common nounsMany proper nouns including person names, place names, etc. have become common nouns used in everyday life. The following examples will illustrate this.…2.1.3 Concrete to abstractIn English many words stand for everything. Such words are: thing, affair, business, concern, regard, account, circumstance, fact, state, condition, position, situation, way, means, respect, matter. Each of these may be used in an abstract sense instead of a concrete meaning as used in the past.…2.2 NarrowingSemantic narrowing is the reverse process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. [3] There are three kinds of narrowing.…2.3 AmeliorationBy amelioration, a word is assigned to a more favorable class of objects than previous, an improvement in meaning. [4]…2.4 DegradationThe opposite of amelioration is degradation. In this process, a word becomes attached to a less favorable class of objects than previously, that is become one with a derogatory sense.There are four kinds of degradation.…3 Three tendenciesMore interesting, perhaps, is the recent work of Elizabeth Traugott (1982, 1989). Traugott suggests three tendencies in semantic change, slightly reworded here. [12] Tendency I: …Tendency II: …Tendency III: …4 Reasons for semantic changeLet us now look at some further forces, both linguistic and extra-linguistics, behind semantic change.4.1 Linguistic factorsApart from such extra-linguistic factors, linguistic forces behind semantic change have been proposed, though they are less easy to prove.There are three kinds of linguistic factors.…4.2 Extra-linguistic factorsAnd there are three types of extra-linguistics factors.…5. ConclusionsIt is obvious that the gradual change of meaning in words is a common feature of human language. …References（Times New Roman, 四号，加粗）[1] 汪榕培. 英语词汇学教程读本[M]. 上海外语教育出版社，2005. p147[2] 胡壮麟. 语言学教程[M]. 北京大学出版社，2001. p107[3] 何兆熊. 现代语言学[M]. 英语教学与研究出版社，1999. p146[4] 林承璋. 英语词汇学引论[M]. 武汉大学出版社，2005. p127[5] 李福印. 语义学教程[M]. 上海外语教育出版社，1999. p408～409[6] 张迈曾. 语言与交际[M]. 南开大学出版社，1998. p209[7] 王丹. 现代语言学理论及应用[M]. 东北林业大学出版社，2004. P131～133 （宋体，五号，单倍行距）……。