第1章殖民地时期的美国文学1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Native American Literature1. Background2. Traditional Literature3. Transitional Literature4. Modem LiteratureⅡ. Literature of Colonial Settlements1. Background2. Puritanism3. Literature of Early Settlements4. CharacteristicsⅢ. Literature of the Eighteenth Century1. Background2. Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)(1) Life(2) Literary Achievements3. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)(1) Life(2) Literary Achievements(3) Autobiography(4) Style4. Thomas Paine (1737-1809)(1) Life(2) Literary Achievements5. Philip Freneau (1752-1832)(1) Life(2) Literary AchievementsⅠ. Native American Literature1. Background(1) When Christopher Columbus reached the continent of North America in 1492,there were more than two thousand independent tribes of about one million natives. They were Asian in origin.(2) All Indian tribes have a rich store of oral literature in the forms of songs, prayers,spells, charms, riddles, and stories. Different tribes have different literary tastes. Ⅰ美国本土文学1. 背景(1) 1492年，克里斯多弗·哥伦布到达北美洲，那里有两千多个独立的部落，大约一百万土著亚洲居民。
(2) 所有印第安部落的口头文学都很丰富，形式多种多样，包括歌曲，祈祷，符咒，谜语和故事等。
不同的部落文学风格不同。
2. Traditional LiteratureThe traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth. For a long time, Indians saw literature as functional.2. 传统文学传统文学几乎都是以口头形式传播。
很长一段时间，印第安人认为文学是功能性的。
3. Transitional LiteratureIt is represented by translations of the great Indian orators of the 19th century and memoirs of the Indian experience in relation to white dominance.3. 过渡文学过渡文学指的是19世纪印第安演讲者的翻译和印第安生活中涉及白人占主导地位的回忆。
4. Modern LiteratureThe modern literature includes novels, short stories, and poetry written in English by native Americans of the 19th-21st centuries.4. 现代文学现代文学包括19世纪到21世纪美国文学家创作的英语长篇小说，短篇小说和诗歌。
Ⅱ. Literature of Colonial Settlements1. Background(1) The earliest colonial forces that came to North America were Spanish.(2) In 1620 Pilgrims, mostly humble country folks, stepped on the New England shore at Plymouth.Ⅱ. 殖民地时期的文学1. 背景(1) 最早到达北美洲的殖民者是西班牙人。
(2) 1620年，清教徒，主要是谦逊的农村人，来到新英格兰地区的普利茅斯。
2. PuritanismAmerican Puritan was a practical idealist. He had an urge for religious freedom; he had thirst for greater economic opportunity, for land, and for adventure. He was a doctrinaire and an opportunist.2. 清教徒美国的清教徒是实际的理想主义者。
他强烈要求宗教自由；渴望更多的经济机会，渴望土地和冒险。
清教徒既是教条主义者，又是机会主义者。
3. Literature of Early Settlements(1) Literature of the New England Settlements is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism.(2) John Smith’s A Map of Virgini a (1612) and A Description of the Country (1616)are boasting accounts of his adventures in America.(3) Anne Bradstreet was a woman poet and her poems in The Tenth Muse LatelySprung up in America (1650) reflect the concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies.3. 早期文学(1) 新英格兰早期的文学主要表达了清教徒的唯心主义。
(2) 约翰·史密斯的《弗吉尼亚的地图》(1612)和《国家描述》(1616)鼓吹了他在美国的探险历程。
(3) 安妮•布莱德斯特里特是一位女诗人，她的代表作《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》(1650)反映了到殖民地安顿下来的女性所面临的问题。
4. CharacteristicsAll of the works written during this period are utilitarian, polemical, or didactic. The purpose of literature for these Puritans was first of all usefulness.4. 特点这一时期的所有作品都是功利的，好辩的或说教的。
为清教徒服务的文学目的首先是有用性。
Ⅲ. Literature of the Eighteenth Century1. BackgroundJonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin were representatives of the eighteenth century. They embodied Puritan naive idealism and crude materialism. The 18th century America experienced an age of reason and order.Ⅲ. 18世纪的文学1. 背景乔纳森·爱德华兹和本杰明·富兰克林是18世纪的代表，他们代表了清教徒天真的唯心主义和原始的唯物主义。
18世纪的美国是个理性和秩序的时代。
2. Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)(1) Life①Edwards was the last great voice to reassert Calvinism in America. He admired their great religious fervor and devotion.②Edwards, however, went too far and was dismissed from his church in 1750.2. 乔纳森·爱德华兹(1703-1758)(1) 生平①爱德华兹是美国最后一个复古加尔文主义的代表人，爱德华兹崇尚他们的宗教热情和忠诚。
②然而，爱德华兹偏离了初衷。
1750年，他被教堂解雇。
(2) Literary AchievementsThe Personal Narrative was written around 1740. It is a short account of how he came to faith and how he felt when he got the belief.(2) 文学成就《个人叙述》写于1740年，记述他如何信仰宗教以及信仰宗教之后的感受。
3. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)(1) Life。