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[课件]农业生态学-第一章绪论PPT
Ecologist, those who study ecology ,are always aiming to understand how an organism fits into its environment.
Ecology principles and applications----------------------J.L.Chapman and M.J.Reiss,Cambridge University Press,1999
3. 学科与学派的分化(19世纪末-1935)
学科的分化:生态学发展的第一高峰。 植物生态学、动物生态学、人类生态学等。 1900年,被公认为生物学的独立领域。 学派的产生:生态学发展的第二高峰。 英美学派:动态研究 法瑞学派:静态研究 北欧学派:植物地理学 苏联学派:生物地理群落
4. 生态系统生态学的发展阶段(1935—1960)
1935,英国,A.G.Tansley,生态系统, 1939,提出生态平衡概念。 1941,美国,林德曼,食物链, 1942,“十分之一法则”。 1952,美国,E.P.Odum,《生态学基础》
2. 生态学的创始阶段(18-19世纪)
1749:法国,布丰Buffon , 生命律 1803:英国,马尔萨斯Malthus, 人口论 1807:德国,洪堡德Humboblt, 植物地理学 1859:英国,达尔文C.Darwin, 物种起源 1866:德国,Ernst.Haeckel, 生态学
Oikologie(生态学) = Oikos(住所)+Logos(科学)
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. The ‘environment’ is a combination of the physical environment and any influences on an organism exerted by other organismthe biotic environments. Instant Notes in Ecology----A.Mackenzie, A.S.Ball and S.R.Virdee,BIO Scientific Publishers Limited,1998
一、农业生态学的产生和发展 二、农业生态学的性质和任务 三、生态农业的概念
生态学
侯学煜:研究生物与其周围环 境(包括非生物环境与生物环 境)相互关系的科学。
生态学
生物
环境
c
地球约存在46亿年,35亿年前出现生物(菌藻类),恐龙 2.3亿年前出现,六千五百万年前消失;人类已存在大约 400万年。
农业生态学-第一章 绪论
第一章
绪 论
"The supreme reality of our time is ...the vulnerability of our planet.. "
பைடு நூலகம்
- John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) Thirty-fifth U.S. President Speech 28, June 1963
(一)生态学的产生和发展是农业生态学产生的基础
1. 生态学诞生前的知识积累阶段(18世纪以前)
国外:公元前370-285年,古希腊,提奥弗拉斯特, 生物与环境的关系。 公元23-79年,罗马,伯里尼, 陆栖、水生、飞翔。 国内:公元前372-289年,《孟子》 数罟(bu)不入洿(kua)池,鱼鳖不可胜食。 秦汉时期:二十四节气。 后魏时期:齐民要术。
生态学主要研究的问题(4W)
•生物的分布格局与规律:在哪里(Where) •生物的时空量度:有多少(When and how
many)
•决定生物分布与量度的内在与外在原因: 为什么(Why) •发展生产力、稳定与改善环境的原则与 途径:(What can be done)
一、农业生态学的产生和发展
Ecology is the study of organisms in relation to the surrounds in which they live. These surrounds are called the environment of organism. This environment is made up of many different components,include other living organisms and their effects,and purely physical features such as the climate and soil type.
"The Earth has an abundance of everything, but our share in it is only what we really need." -- Satish Kumar Editor of Resurgence Magazine Leading figure in the spiritual and environmental fields in Britain
Ecology can be defined as the study of relationships between organisms and the environment. Humans have been students of ecology as long as we have existed as a species. Our survival has dependent upon how well we could observe variations in the environment and predict the responses of organism to the variations. Ecology: Concepts and Applications----------------------Manuel C.Molles,Jr. McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. 2000