2016年军队院校专升本英语试题英语试卷模拟四一．快速阅读（共10分，每小题1分）Natural disasterEarthquakesWhen the Earth MovesEarthquakes are caused by the motion of tectonic plates—individual sections that make up the Earth‟s surface like panels on a football. Immense strain accumulates along fault lines where adjacent plates meet. When the rock separating the plates gives way, sudden seismic ground-shaking movement occurs.Of course, if we want to know why earthquakes happen, we need to dig a little deeper.Centre of the EarthThe Earth is made up of three main layers:The core is at the centre of the Earth.The mantle is a mobile semi-molten layer around the core.The outer-shell of the Earth is called the crust. Scientists call this the lithosphere—it‟s the part we‟re on now.The crust is made up of 12 individual tectonic plates. Below the sea, they can measure three to six miles (4km-9.6km) thick and under land this increases to 20-44 miles (32km-70.8km). Below the crust, radiation from the Earth‟s core heats the semi-molten mantle to temperatures of over 5000°C.All fluids when heated—even molten rock—are affected by a process called convection. That makes hot liquid rise to displace cooler liquid, creating a current. Tectonic plates effectively float on the mantle, like croutons in a bowl of super-heated soup. But these plates and constantly move due to the convection current.Of course, they creep along very slowly—roughly the same speed your fingernails grow. Even at this sub snail-pace, the effects can be devastating. The combined annual force of earthquakes is equal to 100,000 times the power of the atomic bombs that flattened Hiroshima.The point where the seismic activity occurs is the epicentre, where the earthquake is strongest. But it doesn‟t always end there; seismic waves travel out from the epicentre, sometimes creating widespread destruction as they pass.VolcanoesWithout doubt, erupting volcanoes are the most awesome and terrifying sights in nature. In fact, their untamed destructive firepower has shaped and influenced many ancient cultures from Pompeii, to Japan.It‟s estimated that one in ten of the World‟s population live within “danger range”of volcanoes. According to the Smithsonian Institute, there are 1511 “active” volcanoes across the globe, and many more dormant ones that could recharge at any moment.When tectonic plates collide，like earthquakes, volcanoes form at weak-points in the Earth‟s crust, known as “fault-lines”.When two tectonic plates collide, the event can provide the catalyst for volcanic activity. As one section slides on top of the other, the one beneath is pushed down into the mantle. Water trapped in the crust can cause reactions within the mantle. Why? Well, it‟s thought that when the water mixes with the mantle, it lowers the mantle‟s melting point, and the solid mantle melts to form a liquid, known as …magma‟.Under Increasing PressureSince liquid rock is less dense than solid rock, magma begins to rise through the Earth‟s crust. It forces its way up, melting surrounding rock and increasing the amount of magma.Magma only stops rising when the pressure from the rock layer above it becomes too great. It gathers below the Earth‟s surface in a “magma chamber”.When the pressure increases in the chamber, the crust finally gives way and magma spews out onto the Earth‟s surface forming a volcano. When it reaches the surface, magma becomes known as “lava”.V olcanic eruptions vary in intensity and appearance depending on two factors:the amount of gas contained in the magmaits viscosity—how runny it isIn general, the explosive eruptions come from high gas levels and high viscosity in the magma. Whilst lava floes result from magmas with low gas levels and low viscosity.Mount EtnaOver millions of years, lava and ash from eruptions might build up to form a mountainous volcano like Mt Etna in Italy.HurricanesBy definition, a hurricane is fierce rotating storm with an intense centre of low pressure that only happens in the tropics. In south-east Asia they‟re known as typhoons and in the Indian Ocean, cyclones.They cause high winds, huge waves, and heavy flooding. In 1998, Hurricane Gilbert produced 160mph winds, killing 318 people, and devastating Jamaica. A tropical storm can only be classified as a hurricane if it sustains wind speeds above 73mph or force 12 on the Beaufort Scale. Each year about 50 tropical storms reach hurricane status.One of the most powerful of all weather systems, hurricanes are powered by the heat energy released by the condensation of water vapour. However, the conditions have to be exact for a hurricane to form, with the sea‟s surface temperature being above 26.5°C.How Hurricanes HappenAir above warm tropical water rises quickly as it is heated by the sea. As the air rises it rotates or spins creating an area of low pressure, known as the eye of the storm. The eye can be clearly seen on satellite pictures, and is usually eerily calm.The hurricane only moves slowly at speeds of 20-25mph bringing torrential rain and thunderstorms and very strong winds. However, they also cause flooding on low lying coastlines with a phenomenon known as a “storm surge”.Storm SurgeThis is caused by the intense low pressure at the eye of a hurricane, combining with the effect of strong winds. The sea rises 1cm for every millibar of pressure - if the pressure is 930 millibar, the sea surge will be about 80 cm. Hurricanes can raise the seas surface by as much as 4m.The hurricane winds push the surge along in front of its path. When this surge hits low-lying coasts, the effects can be devastating. In addition to the sea surge, flooding can also result from torrential rain falling from the storm clouds.Once it reaches the mainland, a hurricane may cause widespread damage for a few days, but with no warm water to supply heat, they quickly die out.1. Earthquakes are caused by the motion of tectonic plates that make up the Earth‟s surface.2. The Earth is made up of four main layers: the core, the mantle, the crust and the magma.3. It is the convection that make hot liquid rise to displace cooler liquid, creating a current.4. The earthquake at the epicenter is weakest.5. Both of volcanoes and earthquakes form at weak-points in the Earth‟s crust when tectonic plates collide,.6. Magma will fall through the Earth‟s crust if the liquid rock is less dense than solid rock.7. Mt Etna in Italy produced 160mph winds and killed 296 people in 2000.8. A hurricane is defined as a fierce rotating storm with an intense centre of low pressure that______________________________________.9. Torrential rain, _______________________ are always brought by the hurricane.10. If there is no warm water to supply heat, the hurricane will____________________________. 二．选择填空（共20分，每小题1分）1. —Why was our foreign teacher unhappy yesterday?—News about the tsunami striking her country ____ an attack of homesickness.A. set forB. set outC. set aboutD. set off2. Little ____ about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself.A. does he careB. did he careC. he careD. he cared3.Always read the ___ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.A. explanationsB.introductionsC. descriptionsD. instructions4.—Have you got any information about your missing dog form the police?—No, I _____.The police say they‟ll let me know when there is any news.A.waitedB. was waitingC. have waitedD. am waiting5.—The“No .1Doucument“is designed to help the rural population increase their incomes.—I believed that parents‟ life _____ better and better.A. will have gotB. has gotC. getsD. will be getting6.Don‟t leave you work, ____.A. half doneB. done halfC. a half doneD. done a half7.The purpose of the article is to draw public attention ______ the problem.A. toB. onC. inD. for8.we‟re advised not to leave the water_____ after using it.A. runB. runningC. to runD. having run9.It is a ______ fact that cigarette smoking is not goods for health.A. provedB. provenC.provingD.provable10.Who do you know______ the steam engine?A.discoveredB.inventedC.to discoverD.to invent11.We haven‟t settled the question of _____ it is necessary for him to study abroad.A.ifB. whereC. whetherD.that12. Water can absorb and give off a lot of heat without big changes in temperature, thus creating a ____ environment.A. peacefulB. sensitiveC. commonD. stable13. Before ____ white, the door should be cleaned thoroughly.A. paintingB. paintedC. being paintedD. having been painted14.Among the eternal dreams of human beings, the great longing for the blue air and flying isneve r .A. given awayB. worn offC. paid offD. handed over15. ____ about Lucy, the teacher called her parents to find out why she was so often absent from class.A. ConcerningB. consideringC. ConcernedD. Considering16. ____ to the sunshine for too long in summer, your skin will get burnt.A. Being exposedB. ExposingC. ExposedD. To expose17. I don‟t believe what you said. It is not like her father, who is an honest man,____ anyone in business.A. cheatingB. to cheatC. cheatsD. cheated18.We all know that, ____, the situation will get worse.A. if not dealt carefully withB. not if carefully dealt withC. dealt if not carefully withD. if not carefully dealt with19.____ you may have, you should gather your courage to face the challenge.A. However serious a problemB. However a serious problemC. What a serious problemD. What serious a problem20.Jane was fairly good at English but in mathematics she could not_____ the rest of the students in her class.A.keep up withB.run away withC.put up withD.do away with三．阅读理解（共30分，每小题2分）Passage 1Believe it or not, optical illusion(错觉) can cut highway crashes.Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion. But stripes, called chevrons(人字形), painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down.Now the American Automobile Association Foundation(基金会) for Traffic Safety in Washington D.C. is planning to repeat Japan‟s success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how wellthe patterns reduce highway crashes.Excessive (too great) speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed-related hazards (danger) are the greatest curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges.Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars.Chevrons, scientists say, not only give drivers the impression that they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.1. The passage mainly discusses ________.A. a new way of highway speed controlB. a new pattern for painting highwaysC. a new way of training driversD. a new type of optical illusion2. On roads painted with chevrons, drivers tend to feel that ________.A. they should avoid speed-related hazardsB. they are driving in the wrong laneC. they should slow down their speedD. they are coming near to the speed limit3. The advantage of chevrons over straight, horizontal bars is that the former ________.A. can keep drivers awakeB. can cut road accidents in halfC. will look more attractiveD. will have a longer effect on drivers4. The American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to ________.A. try out the Japanese method in certain areasB. change the road signs across the countryC. replace straight, horizontal bars with chevronsD. repeat the Japanese road patterns5. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?A. They are suitable only on broad roads.B. They are falling out of use in the United States.C. They are ignored in a long period of time.D. They cannot be used successfully to traffic circles.Passage 2If you want to teach your children how to say sorry, you must be good at saying it yourself, especially to your own children. But how you say it can be quite tricky.If you say to your children “I‟m sorry I got angry with you, but ...” what follows that “but”can render the apology ineffective: “I had a bad day” or “your noise was giving me a headache”leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology.Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say “I‟m sorry you‟re upset”; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. Saying “I‟m useless as a parent” does not commit a person to any specific improvement.These pseudo-apologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness, Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies.But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition, children still need help to become aware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might need help in understanding that other children feel pain just as he does, and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy toy requires an apology. A six-year-old might need reminding that spoiling other children‟s expectations can require an apology. A 12-year-old might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parent‟s clothes without permission is not.6. If a mother adds “but” to an apology, ______.A. she doesn‟t feel that she should have apologizedB. she does not realize that the child has been hurtC. the child may find the apology easier to acceptD. the child may feel that he owes her an apology7. According to the author, saying “I‟m sorry you‟re upset” most probably means “_____”.A. You have good reason to get upsetB. I‟m aware you‟re upset, but I‟m not to blameC. I apologize for hurting your feelingsD. I‟m at fault for making you upset8. It is not advisable to use the general, all-covering apology because ______.A. it gets one into the habit of making empty promisesB.it may make the other person feel guiltyC. it is vague and ineffectiveD. it is hurtful and insulting9. We learn from the last paragraph that in teaching children to say sorry _____.A. the complexities involved should be ignoredB. their ages should be taken into accountC. parents need to set them a good exampleD. parents should be patient and tolerant10. It can be inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is _____.A. a social issue calling for immediate attentionB. not necessary among family membersC. a sign of social progressD. not as simple as it seemsPassage 3We are all called upon to make a speech at some point in life, but most of us don‟t do a very good job. This article gives some suggestions on how to give an effective speech.So, you have to give a speech -- and you are terrified. You get nervous, you forget what you want to say, you stumble over words, you talk too long, and you bore your audience. Later youthink, “Thank Goodness, it‟s over. I‟m just not good at public speaking. I hope I never have to do that again.”Cheer up!It doesn‟t have to be that bad. Here are some simple steps to take the pain out of speech making. Ask yourself the purpose of your speech. What is the occasion? Why are you speaking? Then, gather as many facts as you can on your subject. Spend plenty of your time doing your research. Then spend plenty of time organizing your material so that your speech is clear and easy to follow. Use as many examples as possible, and use pictures, charts, and graphs if they help you make your points more clearly. Never forget your audience. Don‟t talk over their heads, and don‟t talk down to them. Treat your audience with respect. They will appreciate your thoughtfulness.Just remember: Be prepared. Know your subject, your audience, and the occasion. Be brief. Say what you have to say and then stop. And be yourself. Let your personality come through so that you make person-to-person contact with your audience.If you follow these simple steps, you will see that you don‟t have to be afraid of public speaking. In factyou may find the experience so enjoyable that you volunteer to make more speeches! You‟re not convinced yet? Give it a try and see what happens.11. The main idea of this article is ____.A. that you can improve your speaking abilityB. a poor speaker can never changeC. always make a short speechD. it is hard to make a speech12. Paragraph 2 implies that ____.A. many people are afraid of giving a speechB. many people are happy to give a speechC. many people do not prepare for a speechD. many people talk too long13. The phrase “talk over their heads” means____A. speak too loudlyB. look at the ceilingC. look down upon themD. use words and ideas that are too difficult14. All of the following statements are TRUE except ____.A. few people know how to make good speechesB. a lecturer does not need to organize his speechC. research is important in preparing a speechD. there are simple steps you can take to improve your speaking ability15. The title for this passage may be ____.A. Do Not Make a Long SpeechB. How to Give a Good SpeechC. How to Prepare for a SpeechD. Try to Enjoy a Speech四．完形填空（共15分，每小题1分）While attending a conference, I returned to my hotel room late one evening. The overheadlight outside my door was burned out and I had 1finding the keyhole. When I 2to open the door, I 3 around the wall for a light switch. I found a plate where a switch was once installed... but no switch!Not discouraged easily, I remembered 4a lamp by the bed when I deposited my luggage earlier in the day. I found the bed in the 5 and then the lamp, but when I switched it on, nothing 6 ! I thought that perhaps if I opened the curtains I might be able to use whatever light comes in from the 7to find another lamp. So I 8my way slowly across the room to the curtains and... no drawstring! I finally stumbled（跌跌撞撞地走）around until I found a desk lamp which actually 9 !That evening I discovered in a whole new way just how dark the world can be and how necessary light is! But even more necessary than 10light is the light that shines from people --the light of 11 and faith. Because, for many people, the world is a dark and 12place. For someone today just may be stumbling in discouragement or sadness or fear and in need of some light. So let your light shine. Whatever light you 13may be a beacon of hope and encouragement. And if you feel that your light is 14a candle in a forest remember -- there isn‟t enough darkness in all the world to 15 the light of one small candle.1．A. confidence B. respect C. admiration D. difficulty2．A. managed B. failed C. wished D. meant3．A. touched B. felt C. sensed D. looked4．A. equipping B. producing C. spotting D. removing5．A. light B. dark C. room D. corner6．A. happened B. operated C. fired D. developed7．A. machine B. street C. room D. car8．A. wound B. forced C. made D. lost9．A. helped B. affected C. worked D. inspired10．A. mental B. psychological C. electrical D. physical11．A. existence B. love C. truth D. wisdom12．A. lonely B. colorful C. friendly D. complex13．A. make B. offer C. take D. contribute14．A. not more than B. other than C. no more than D. rather than 15．A. put out B. give out C. get over D. set up五．翻译（共15分，每小题3分）1. 他对我如何保持健康的建议证明是相当有效的。