动词的语态一．语态的种类语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态，主语是动作的承受者为被动语态，即当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态，此类动词有feel,hear,help,listen to look at ,make ,observe,see ,notice,watch二．用主动式表示被动含义的几种情况1.表示状态特征的连系动词look, appear,feel,smell,sound,taste,prove+adj/n构成的系表结构2.表示主语某种属性特征的动词:read, sell, write, act wash,clean wear,cooklook,shut,dry,eat,drink,这类动词常和副词连用3.表示开始，结束，运动的动词begin,start,finish,stop，end,shut等4.少数动词用于进行时，其主动式表示被动意义Print,build,cook,fry,hang,make用非谓语动词的主动式表示被动意义1.在want,need,require做需要时及动词deserve后面用动名词的主动式表示被动意义2.形容词worth后面常用动名词主动式表示被动3.不定式在某些形容词difficult,easy,hard,comfortable,pleasant,fi,unfit,light,heavy,dangerous等后做状语，构成逻辑上的动宾关系，主动式表示被动4.不定式做名词的后置定语，和被修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，此时常用主动式表被动意义5.不定式to blame,to let,和动词remain等的主动式表示被动的含义6.动词say,believe,report,announce,suppose,know consider,hope,prove等以it 作形式主语，后面接that从句It’s said that he has come back from America三．不用被动语态的情况1.不及物动词或者短语不用被动语态2.系动词不用于被动语态动词的时态时态是谓语动词的形式，表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。
英语的时态共有16种，其中主要有以下十种：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，过去将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，现在完成进行时。
其构成如下表：1英语动词的16种时态1．表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与every day, never, always, often, usually 等频度副词连用。
如：I go to school at 8 every morning.2．表示客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
如：the earth moves around the sun.3．表示格言或警句中。
如：Pride goes before a fall.4．表示现在时刻的状态，特征，性格，能力等。
如：Is there anything wrong with you? You look pale5表示计划或安排中的动作。
如：The train leaves for Beijing at 2:30pm.6．在时间和条件状语从句中，表示一般将来时。
如：-when will you come to see me,Dad?-I will go to see you when you __finish_the training course.二.一般过去时1.在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或者存在的状态.常用的时间状语有:yesterday, an hour ago, the other day,last week,in 1982等。
如：where did you go just now?2.表示在过去一段时间里，经常性或习惯性的动作。
如：when I was a child ,I often played basketball with my friends.3.常见句型如It is time sb.didwould/had rather sb.didi4.先后一连串的动作the old lady went to the Market, bought some vegetables and went home. 三.一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作或状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
Will/shall+do1.表示预见，意图，或用在疑问句中征询听话人的意见如：will you go to the cinema with me?2.表示现在的习惯,需要,预测现在某事可能要发生,或者对将来的事情现在作出决定.如:Fish will die without water.几种用法表示将来时：1．Be to do 表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事,或表示命令,禁止,或表示可能性.如we are to discuss the report next Saturday.2．Be doing 表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。
如：I am leaving for London tomorrow.3.be about to do sth.马上做某事.如:He is about to leave for shanghai .注意:be about to 不与tomorrow,next week表示明确时间状语连用四．过去将来时表示相对于过去某一时间将要发生的动作或状态，常用于滨语从句中。
如：He warned us that the journey would be very dangerous五．现在进行时1．表示现在正在发生的事情。
如：we are waiting for you.2．表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的情况。
（说话时动作未必正在进行。
）如：Mr.Brown is wrting another novel.3．表示渐变的动词有：become,turn,get,go,grow,run.begin.如：the leaves are turning red.4．与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩六．过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
常用的时间状语有：this morning,all day yesterday, the whole morning, when, while.如:It was raining when they left the station.七.将来进行时表示将来某时正在进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情.常用的时间状语有:soon, by this time, in two days, tomorrow, on Sunday,this evening,tomorrow evening 等。
如：This time on Saturday I shall be flying to paris 八。
现在完成时现在完成使用来表示之前已发生或状态，其结果和现在有联系或一直影响到现在，也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态1．表示发生在过去但对现在有影响的动作如：I wonder why jenny hasn’twritten us recently.2．表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作，常与延续行动词，多和一段时间状语如：Since.so far,for a year,in recent years连用3．表示将来，用于时间，条件等状语从句中I ‘ll go with you as soon as I have finished my work.4.this/it is the first/second time that…句型中,从句的谓语动词常用于现在时如：this is the third time that they have’t come for the rubbish九．过去完成时表示过去的过去。
过去完成时的时间状语通常有：before ,by ,once,as soon as,until,when,after等十．现在完成进行时表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在，并可能继续持续下去的动作，常与for,since 等时间状语常用练习1．Listen to the two girls by the window.what language_______?A.did they speakB.were they speakingC.are they speakingD.have they been speaking2.-did you tell Julia about the result?-oh,no,I forgot.I____her now.A.will be callingB.will callC.callD.am to call3.The coffee is wonderful!It doesn’t taste like anything I ___before.A.was havingB. have ever hadC.haveD. had ever had4.With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _____each year.A.is washing awayB.is being washed awayC.are washing awayD.are being washed away5.professor smith, along with his assistants,_______on the project day and night tomeet the deadlineA.workB.workingC.is workingD.are working6、The manager had fallen asleep where he ,without undressing.(2005安徽)A、was layingB、was lyingC、had laidD、had lied7、When the old man to walk back to his house,the sun itself behind the mountain.(2005.湖北)A、started;had already hiddenB、had started; had already hiddenC、had started; was hidingD、was starting; hid8、He was hoping to go abroad but his parents that they won`t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.(2005湖北)A、were decidingB、haer decidedC、decidedD、wkll decide9、-----If the teaffic hadn`t been so heavy,I could have been back by 6 0`clock.-------What apity! Tina here to see you.(2005 湖南)A、isB、wasC、would beD、has been10、Since I won the big prize,my telephone hasn`t stopped ringing.People to ask how I am going to spend the money.(2005 湖南)A、phoneB、will phoneC、were phoningD、are phoning11、----Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.------Oh! Ithought they without me.(2005 江西)A、wentB、areC、have goneD、had gone12、They on the program for almost mne week before I joined them, and now we it as no good results have come out so far. (2005江苏)A、had been working;are still workingB、had worked; were still workingC、have been working; have workedD、have worked; are still working13、My brother is an actor.He in several films so far. (2005 浙江)A、just finishB、am just finishingC、have just finishedD、am just going to finish14、----Are you still busy?-----Yes ,I my work ,and it won`t take long.(2005 浙江)A、just finishB、am just finishingC、have just finishedD、am just going to finish15、Father for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him.A、has leftB、leftC、was leavingD、had left16、Years ago we didn`t know this ,but recent science that people who don`t sleep well soon get ill.A、showedB、has shownC、will showD、is showing17、She showed him the photo she the day before.A、has takenB、tookC、was takingD、had taken18、While Tom ,his sister is writing.A、eradsB、has eradC、has been readingD、is reading19、By the time he was ten,Edison experiments in chemistry.A、had already doneB、already had doneC、was already doingD、already did20、I don`t know if it or not tomorrow.A、will snowB、snowsC、has snowedD、is snowing21、If you go to the western suburbs of the city,you a lot of new buildings.A、will seeB、have seenC、has snowedD、is snowing22、He was sixty-eight.In two years he seventy.A、was going to beB、would beC、had beenD、will be23、Tom for more than a week.A、has leftB、has gone awayC、went awayD、has been away24、He said that honesty the key to success.A、wasB、will beC、isD、is being25、We each other since I left Shanghai.A、haven`t seenB、hadn`t seenC、didn`t seenD、wouldn`t see动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词。