第4章新英格兰超验主义•爱默生•梭罗I.Fill in the blanks.1.Ralph W.Emerson believes in the concept of the_____.It is the_____within which every man’s particular being is contained and made one with all other.(国际关系学院2009研)【答案】Transcendentalism;Oversoul【解析】爱默生信奉超验主义,在他看来,超灵为人所共有,每个人的思想存在于超灵之中,人能以直觉官能与之交融。
2.Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote_____,which has been called“the Manifesto of American Transcendentalism,”and_____,which has been regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence.”(南开大学2007研)【答案】Nature;“The American Scholar”【解析】爱默生的《论自然》被称为“美国超验主义的宣言”,其《美国学者》则被誉为美国知识分子的独立宣言。
3.In1836,a little book came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America.It was entitled Nature by_____.【答案】Ralph Waldo Emerson【解析】拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生(Ralph Waldo Emerson,1803-1882)美国散文作家、思想家、诗人。
1836年出版处女作《论自然》(Nature)。
《论自然》的发表为美国思想界吹来一股清风,一扫机械主义自然观的乌烟瘴气。
4.The great work_____not only demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreau’s own transcendental philosophy.【答案】Self-Reliance【解析】富兰克林的《论自立》不仅表现了爱默生关于自立的思想,同时也表达了他的超验主义思想。
5.Ralph Waldo Emerson’s truest disciple,the man who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories,was_____.【答案】Henry David Thoreau【解析】亨利·戴维·梭罗(Henry David Thoreau)是美国作家、哲学家,他最著名的作品为著名散文集《瓦尔登湖》和论文《论公民的不服从权利》。
梭罗是爱默生最忠实的追随者并且将爱默生的许多理论付诸了实践。
6.A superb book entitled_____came out of Henry David Thoreau’s two year experiment at Walden Pond.【答案】Walden【解析】《瓦尔登湖》(Walden)出版于1854年,梭罗在书中详尽地描述了他在瓦尔登湖湖畔一片再生林中度过两年零两月的生活以及期间他的许多思考。
7.From Henry David Thoreau’s Concord jail experience came his famous essay_____.【答案】Civil Disobedience【解析】在瓦尔登湖生活期间,梭罗因为反对黑奴制拒交“人头税”而被捕入狱。
友人替他代交了税款保其出狱,但这一亲身体验却激发他写成了著名的政论《抵制国民政府》(Resistance to Civil Government,后改名为《论公民的不服从权利》(Civil Disobedience)。
8.Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essay_____has been regarded as“Americas Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.It called on American writers to write about America in a way peculiarly American.【答案】The American Scholar9.Another renowned New England Transcendentalist was_____,a friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson and his junior by some14years.【答案】Henry David ThoreauII.Multiple Choice1.American renaissance started from_____.(北二外2009研)A.PragmatismB.utilitarianC.New England transcendentalismD.the age of Realism【答案】C【解析】美国的文艺复兴,又称为新英格兰文艺复兴,源于新英格兰超验主义。
2.Which one of the following statements is applicable to the understanding of Transcendentalism?(四川大学2008研)A.It is strongly influenced by social Darwinism.B.Belief in individualism,independence of mind,and self-reliance.C.Man has no free-will.D.It holds that determinism governs everything.【答案】B【解析】超验主义肯定人的神圣性,主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理,“相信你自己”,是超验主义者的座右铭。
3.Ralph Waldo Emerson’s_____is regarded as the“Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.(北二外2008研;首师大2009研)A.NatureB.The Conduct of LifeC.Representative MenD.The American Scholar【答案】D【解析】The American Scholar(《论美国学者》)是爱默生在哈佛大学的一篇演讲词,爱默生在演说中主张建立独立的民族文化与文学,吹起了美国文化独立的号角。
4.Point out the work that was written by Henry David Thoreau._____.(四川大学2009研)A.The Fall of the House of UsherB.The Rise of Silas LaphamC.WaldenD.“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”【答案】C【解析】梭罗是美国先验主义作家之一,其代表作是Walden(《瓦尔登湖》)。
选项A《厄舍古屋的倒塌》是Edgar Allan Poe(爱伦·坡)的作品;选项B《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》是William Dean Howells(豪威尔斯)的小说;选项D《睡谷传奇》的作者是Washington Irving(华盛顿·欧文)。
5.“The universe is composed of Nature and the soul…Spirit is present every where”.This is the voice of the book Nature written by Emerson,which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase,the phase of New England_____.A.RomanticismB.TranscendentalismC.NaturalismD.Symbolism【答案】B【解析】《论自然》(Nature)是爱默生的第1部重要哲学著作,最初发表于1836年。
它集超验主义思想之大成,有新英格兰超验主义宣言的美称。
《论自然》中强调精神,或超灵,认为这是宇宙至为重要的存在因素。
超灵是一种无所不容、无所不在、扬善抑恶的力量,是万物之本、万物之所属,它存在于人和自然界内。
6.There is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually _____on the Puritan soil.A.RomanticismB.PuritanismC.MysticismD.Unitarianism【答案】A【解析】新英格兰超验主义深受清教思想的影响,由于清教主义自身积极性与消极性共存的复杂性,超验主义者对清教的态度也是复杂的。
认同、接受与怀疑、超越共存,他们一方面肯定了清教思想与价值,另一方面又批判了清教社会对人的精神的负面影响。
7.Transcendentalists recognized_____as the“highest power of the soul”.A.intuitionB.logicC.data of the sensesD.thinking【答案】A【解析】超验主义者将直觉作为“心灵最伟大的力量”。