Chapter3 Lexicon
Lexical change
3.1 What is word?
3.1.1 Three senses of word
3.1.2 Identification of words
1) stability
2) Relative uninterruptibility
3) A minimum free form
3.1.3 Classification of words
1) Variable and invariable words
2) Grammatical words and lexical words
3) closed-class words and open
3.2 The Formation of Word
3.2.1 Morpheme and Morphology
Morpheme
destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
2) Morphology
which studies the internal structure of words,
and the rules by which words are formed.
3.2.2 Types of morphemes
1) Free morpheme and bound morpheme
2) Root, affix and stem
3) Inflectional affix and derivational affix
¾Inflectional affixes often only add a minute or delicate grammat to the stem, therefore serve to produce different forms of a sin derivational affixes often change the lexical meaning.
¾Inflectional affixes do not change the word class of the word th whereas derivational affixes might or might not.
¾Inflectional affixes are conditioned by
the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence; deriv
A Basic Classification of English Morphemes
Morphemes
Free Bound Independent Affixes Bound Contracted Bases Bases Forms
Prefixes Suffixes
3.2.3 Inflection and word formation
¾Compounds can be written in different ways.
ii) Derivation
¾Derivation shows the relationship between roots and affixes.
¾Different from inflection, derivation can make the word class of original word either changed or unchanged.
¾Forms derived from derivation are relatively large and potential
3.2.4 The counterpoint of phonology and morphology
1) Morpheme & phoneme
2) Morphemic structure & phonological structure
3) Allomorph
¾Some morphemic shapes represent different morphemes and thus different meanings.
4）Morphophonology or Morphophonemics
Morphophonology
linguistics referring to the analysis and classification of the
phonological factors that affect the appearance of morphemes, and correspondingly, the grammatical factors that affect the appearance of phonemes. Briefly, it studies the interrelationshi between phonology and morphology..
3.3 Lexical Change
3.3.1 Lexical change proper
5) Back-formation
Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word
where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.
6) Analogical creation
7) Borrowing
3.3.2 Phonological change 3.3.3 Morpho-syntactic change
1) Morphological change
2) Syntactic change
3.3.4 Semantic change
1) Broadening
2) Narrowing
3) Meaning shift
3.3.5 Orthographic change
Questions for Discussion
hush
2) self-destruct; automate;
emote
3) homesick; drowse; peddle; frivol.
3 What is the basic building blocks in the formation of complex
words?
4 How are new words created?。