第二章语法非谓语动词——不定式、动名词、分词，没有人称、数、现在和过去时态的区别，不能单独作谓语He is a driver.（他是个司机。
）He to be a driver.She watching TV.（她正在看电视）be+v-ing一、不定式to + v原是不定式最常见的形式，有时不定式是省略“to”的。
Learn English is not easy.不定式在英语中的作用：相当于名词To climb the mountain is very difficult. （作主语）I want to know about the mountain. （宾语）My wish is to conquer the mountain. （表语）相当于形容词I want some water to drink. （修饰名词）相当于副词He stopped to have a rest. （修饰动词）I’m glad to see you. （修饰形容词）总结归纳：除了放在句首作主语这种特殊用法外，其它情况都可以归结为：句中第二个动词前要加“to”。
对于应试来说，不定式部分只需记住一些句型就足够了。
（一）to + v原作主语， + 单数动词To know oneself is difficult. 认识自己很难。
To tell a lie is wrong. 说谎是错误的。
（二）To learn computer is important.It is importantIt is impossible for him to give up smoking. 要他戒烟是不可能的。
It is very kind of you to help me. 你能帮我实在太好了。
It is foolish of them to make such a mistake. 他们犯这样的错误太愚蠢了。
It 是形式主语，真正的主语是to + v.常见的形容词：possible, impossible, important, necessary, essential, convenient, difficult, hard, easy, useless……+for sb常见的形容词：nice, kind, wise, good, polite, bright, clever, bad, wrong, cruel, stupid, foolish, impolite……+of sb.（三）it 作形式宾语，to do 是真正宾语放后面If you study hard, you will find it easy to learn English.如果你用功，你会发现学英语很容易。
I make it a rule to get up early.我把早起定为规则。
We consider it our duty to obey the laws.我们认为遵守法律是我们的职责。
常见的动词：find, think, believe, consider, make, take, regard……（四）疑问词 + 不定式I don’t know what to do.（我不知道该做什么。
）how to do it.（我不知道该怎样做。
）which to buy.He taught me how to speak English well.When to turn the corner is a difficult problem. 何时转变是个难题。
（五）后接to do作宾语的动词有：want, hope, wish, desire, intend, expect, plan, decide, manage, ask, tell, teach, advise, allow, beg, order, pretend,……He intends to try it. 他想试试看。
They allowed me to fish here. 他们允许我在此钓鱼。
不定式的否定形式，在to前加not / neverI told you not to do it. 我告诉过你不要去做。
We decided not to go. 我们决定不去。
省略to的不定式（一）感官动词 see / look at / hear / listen to / feel / notice / smellI saw him swim yesterday. 昨天我看见他游泳了。
I can hear the girl singing in the next room. 我听见有个女孩在隔壁房间唱歌。
I heard my name called. 我听见有人叫我的名字。
被动式：He was seen to swim yesterday.The girl was heard singing in the next room.（二）使役动词及其它特殊动词用法1. let sb do （不带to的动词用法）Let us go home .2.I’ll have him come over. 我会叫他来。
I had my bicycle fixed. 我把自行车送去修理了。
Don’t worry. I’ll have my car waiting downstairs.3.A. hearB. to hearC. hearedD. heard答案：DHe got up early just to make himself catch the first bus.4. help sb （to） do sth Please help me （to） move the table.5. had better + V原（否）had better not + V原You’d better not be late. 你最好不要迟到。
6. would rather + V原……than + V原（宁愿做……而不愿……）I would rather die than do it. 我宁愿死也不愿做这种事。
7. do nothing but + V原, 但是nothing but 之前的动词，若不是do的形式，而是其它动词时，则nothing but 之后的形式，要视该动词而定。
He desires nothing but to live happily. 他只想过快乐的日子。
I think of nothing but learning English well. 我只想把英语学好。
She avoids nothing but seeing him. 她只是避免见到他。
I can do nothing but wait for him. 我只好等他。
（三）不定式的时态和语态主语 + V + to V 表示同时发生，“一般时”表示动作发生的时间与主句的动作同时发生。
主语 + V + to have + p.p. 发生在先，“完成时”表示动作发生的时间比主句的动作早。
注：常用的动词有：seem / appear （似乎）I’m sorry （很抱歉）It is said （据说）I’m glad （很高兴）It is believed （我们相信 be supposed （应该）It is thought （大家认为）不定式的语态to + ——表示主动to be + p.p. ——表示被动To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness on the earth.（爱人和被人爱是世界上最幸福的事。
）（1）下列情形以主动形式表示被动You are to blame. （你应该受责备）The house is to let. （此屋出租）（2）当副词用的不定式，用主动形式Smoking is hard to get rid of. = It is hard to get rid of smoking.He is not easy to get along with. = It is not easy to get along with him.动名词(1) 原形V + ing构成动名词(2) 动名词是具有动词意思的名词I like swimming. (swimming不仅表达"游泳"这个动作，而且是及物动词like的宾语，作名词用)He enjoys fishing.Chatting with them improves my mind.( 和他们聊天增长我的见识。
)（聊天是一件事情，相当于名词）Don't be afraid of speaking English.(不要害怕讲英语) (介词后边只能跟名词或动名词)Do you mind opening the window?（你介意打开窗户吗？）（3）动名词的复合结构I don't like his action.I don't like his smoking here.I'm sure of my brother's passing the examination.He is not satisfied with his son's being late.I don't know his mother's coming here.(我不知道他妈妈来这儿这件事情。
)(4)动名词的否定形式直接在动名词前加notDo you mind not opening the window?Do you mind not smoking here?(5)动名词被动形式由"being + 过去分词"构成完成形式由"having＋过去分词"构成(6)以下动词可接动名词也可接不定式。
like ( 喜欢)begin （开始）intend（打算）love （喜爱）start （开始）prefer（较喜欢）hate （憎恨）continue （继续）can't bear/endure (无法忍受)It began raining.It's beginning to rain.(√ )It's beginning raining.(×)I can't bear to see her cry.I can't bear seeing her cry. (我不忍心看她哭。
)(7)下列动词可接动名词或不定式，但意义不同。