科普科研类（Passage 19～24）Passage 19 题材：科普科研类字数：380 建议用时：5分钟Scrub jays （灌木丛鸟）can trick you, researchers say. Monkeys kick themselves for mistakes in judgment. And at least one parrot figured out something close to the mathematical concept of zero. In study after study over the past decade, they’ve shown abilities previously thought to exist only in humans.Take the scrub jays. A few years ago, Cambridge University professor Nicky Clayton, PhD, found that these birds can be surprisingly cunning, remembering not only what foods they’ve hidden but where, how long ago, and whether anyone else might have noticed. “If another bird was watching, they’d wait until that bird was gone and then move the food,” Clayton says.Even more interesting, not all jays protected their food that way—only those that had previously raidedother birds’ stores. “It takes a thief to know a thief,” says Clayton.Another recent experiment hints that monkeys experience regret when they make the wrong choice:Researchers say brain scans suggest the animals were having “could’ve, would’ve, should’ve” thoughts.“I knew monkeys were smart, but I didn’t think they were that smart,” says Michael Platt, PhD, theDuke University neurobiologist who led the study.But perhaps no animal has done more to challenge conventional notions than Alex, an African gray parrot, a 30-year research subject for scientist Irene.Pepperberg, PhD. He was constantly being tested; when he was tired of it, he would tell Pepperberg, “Wanna go back”—to his cage. If the request annoyed her, Alex would say, “Sorry.” One afternoon, he showed an apparent grasp of something only humans and a few apes had been known to understand: the notion of zero.Pepperberg had a tray of different-colored balls; she wanted Alex to count each group. Using their shorthand, she asked, “What color six? What color two?” Bored, Alex threw the balls on the floor instead. Then, finally, he said, “Five.” And repeated it: “Five. Five.” There were no five of anything on the tray. So Pepperberg asked, “Okay, smarty, what color five?”Alex said, “None.”Not only had the bird figured out an abstract mathematical concept, he had manip ulated Pepperberginto asking the question so he could prove it. “I nearly dropped the tray,” she says.1. Which of the following kinds of scrub jays are “surprisingly cunning”?A. Those that were stolen of their food.B. Those that learned from parents to steal.C. Those that stole other birds of their food.D. Those that observed other birds steal.2. The “could’ve, would’ve, should’ve” thoughts indicate that monkeys could ________.A. feel regretfulB. feel angryC. be conscientiousD. be objective3. The author thinks that it is most beyond imagination that Alex could ________.A. understand numbersB. interact with humansC. show various emotionsD. grasp the concept of zero4. How did Alex manipulate Pepperberg into asking the question “what colo r five?”?5. Which paragraph best sums up the main idea of the passage?「文章大意」研究人员发现，动物表现出了一些只有人类才具有的能力。
以灌木鸟为例，它们能将自己的事物藏好，并不想让其他的鸟儿分享食物。
另一个项实验则表明，猴子会为自己错误的选择而感到后悔。
在另一个实验中，一只非洲灰鹦鹉颠覆了传统观念，它表现出只有人类和少数猩猩才拥有的理解力，即“零”的概念。
答案详解1.C 由文章第三段最后一句中Clayton提到的“It takes a thief to know a thief”推断可知raided other bird’s stores是偷窃其他鸟类贮藏食物的意思，结合第二段和第三段的内容推断可知“特别狡猾”的灌木丛鸟会把自己的食物藏好，免受其他鸟类的偷窃，而这些鸟正是曾经偷过其他鸟类食物的，所以本题答案为C2.A 根据第四段首句提到的“...monkeys experience regret when they make thewrong choice…”可知，猴子做出错误的选择会产生“后悔”的情绪，而题干中的“could’ve, would’ve, should’ve”一般用于评论过去的事情，所以本题答案为A。
3.D 由题干内容可将本题的答案定位到文章首段和最后四段。
根据首段第三句提到的“至少已经有一只鹦鹉能够理解一些与“0”相近的数学概念”和最后四段对鹦鹉Alex的详细描述可知，这些段落提到Alex意在说明它能理解“0”这一个数学概念，所以本题答案为D。
4. By mentioning the number “five”.本题的答案在文章第七段结尾部分。
从该段倒数第4句的“Then, finally，…”开始描述如何发现Alex有理解“0”这个概念的能力，根据该段后四句可知，Alex首先提到了“5”这个数字，然后Pepperberg才对它提出了问题，根据该细节推断可知Alex 通过提到“5”去引导Pepperberg提问题。
5. Paragraph 1.文章首段结尾句“In study after study over the past decade, they’ve shown abilities previously thought to exist only in humans.”提到“过去十年间，一项又一项研究表明，动物表现出过去被认为只有人类才具有的能力。
”该句即为本文主旨，下文分别以“灌木丛鸟”、“猴子”和“鹦鹉Alex”为例说明第1段提到过的主题。
由此可见第一段概括了全文的内容。
「词汇装备」cunning adj. 狡猾的；巧妙的neurobiologist神经生物学figure out计算出；解决；断定；领会到raid n. 袭击；搜捕v. 奇袭，搜捕manipulate v. （熟练地）操作，使用（机器等）；操纵；利用Passage 20 题材：科普科研类字数：364 建议用时：5分钟Naturally, in a group of animals as diverse as the snakes, and with so many varied enemies, there are numerous defensive reactions and devices. There is, however, one general pattern of behavior. In the presence of suspected enemy the first reaction is to try to escape observation; if this fails, the next resort is the flight to some inaccessible retreat, but if this is not possible, or is circumvented, various kinds of intimidatory gestures and warning devices are brought into play; in the last resort the snake attacks. This pattern varies with the circumstances; some stages may be omitted or combined unpredictably whilst; some notoriously irascible species may dispense with all the preliminaries and attack almost at once, though seldom or never without some provocation.Amongst the factors that increase aggressiveness are hunger, the mating season and surprise, with the last mentioned the commonest; when hunting for food or for mate, activity and the aggressive instinct are both at their peak. Owing to their poor sense of hearing snakes are very liable to be, quite literally, caught napping and a similar situation arises during their periods of temporary blindness just before sloughing （蜕皮）begins. By far the greatest number of snake-bit accidents result from the unwitting disturbance of resting snakes, and this hazard ismuch increased with species that are well disguised and whose natural instinct is to trust to this concealment as their principal defense. As well as differences in aggressiveness between individuals of the same species according to the circumstances and conditions, there are also no- table differences between species, even closely allied species; and the reports of those who have been attacked may understandably be lacking in objectivity. So it is impossible to forecast, even in outline, howany encounter will develop.The Hamadryad, for example, is usually credited with being amongst the most aggressive of snakes, and there are many accounts of unprovoked attacks, yet on one occasion fourteen men and seven dogs passed and returned within two yards from a nest and no snake was seen although the female, which guards the nest, could not have been far away.1. By “dispense with all the preliminaries” （Line 7, Para.1）, the author most probably means that _______.A. the snakes combine all the previous three steps.B. the snakes give up all the previous three steps.C. the snakes follow all the previous steps one by one.D. the snakes reverse the order of all the previous steps.2. It is difficult to predict what would happen when a snake meets a man because ________.A. no one has ever clearly known how he himself was bit.B. man tends to be subjective when he describes his encounter with a snake.。