$2 Indebtedness
6 Seconds
of the Books in a Small
per $1 Billion in Assets
per Century
Library
6 is Several Orders of Magnitude Better Than 3!!!
6 Overview
Where Does “Six Sigma” Come From?
A Mix of Concepts and Tools
Measure
Analyze
Improve
Control
• Identify CTQ & CTP (Critical to Process) Variables
• Do Process Mapping
• Develop and Validate Measurement Systems
• Benchmark and Baseline Processes
• Calculate Yield and Sigma
• Target Opportunities and Establish Improvement Goals
• Use of Pareto Chart & Fishbone Diagrams
• Mikel J. Harry one of the Original Architects • Previously Headed Quality Function at ABB and Motorola • Now President/CEO of Six Sigma Academy in Phoenix, Arizona • Has Consulted for Texas Instruments, Allied Signal (and others) • Currently Retained by GE to Teach the Implementation,
• Use Design of Experiments
• Set up Control Mechanisms
2 1/2 Days per Century
5
1 Misspelled Word in
a set of Encyclopedias
$570 Indebtedness per $1 Billion in Assets
30 Minutes per Century
6
1 Misspelled Word in all
6 Overview
What Does “Sigma” Mean?
Sigma is a Measure of the Consistency of a Process
It (is Also the 18th Letter in the Greek Alphabet!
6 Overview
Why Does GE Need A Quality Initiative?
• Proven Method to Reduce Costs
• Highly Quantitative Method – Science and Logic Instead of Gut Feel
• Includes Manufacturing & Service (close to customer) and Provides Bridge to Design for Quality Concepts It Works!!!
Deployment and Application of Six Sigma Concepts & Tools
Learning from Those Who Have had Success With 6Will Accelerate its Implementation at GE
6 Overview
Sigma Level
2 3 4 5 6
Defects per Million of Opportunity
PPM
308,537 66,807 6,210 233 3.4
Convert DPMO to Sigma
• Use the SIGMA TABLE
Arrive at DPMO
• Defects Per Million Opportunities
Average Company in 3 to 4Range
6 Overview
Measurement System
A Graphic/Quantitative Perspective on Variation
Number of People Arriving at CRD
7:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45 9:00 9:15
Define Defect Opportunities
• Any step in the process where a Defect could occur in a CTQ
Look for Defects in Products or Services
• Count Defects or failures to meet CTQ requirements in all process steps
标准培训教材ppt
2020年5月24日星期日
6 Overview
“Six Sigma”
• If we can’t express what we know in the form of numbers, we really don’t know much about it.
• If we don’t know much about it, we can’t control it.
LSL
USL
“Upper Specification Limit”
Less Variation Means Fewer Defects & Higher Process Yields
6 Overview
Problem Solving Approach
Key Components of “BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY”
– Aim to Speed Past Traditional Competitors in 5 Years
W–WeGhNoeeraeeldwCaeoMAnsareijsottroeInnWitthiwaetirtievhewRteoeWdMuaocnvetedtoFTrbooemtal Costs
Measuring & Eliminating Defects is the “Core” of Six Sigma
6 Overview
Measurement System
Some Sigma “Benchmarks”
SIGMA LEVEL
DEFECTS per MILLION
OPPORTUNITY
So...What is Six Sigma?
• A Measurement System • A Problem-Solving Approach • A Disciplined Change Process
Measure
Analyze
Improve
Control
“THE SIX SIGMA BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY”
5
4
3

2
1
Estimated Cost of Failure in US Industry is 15% of Sales; Taking GE From a 3 to a 6 Company Will Save ~ $10.5 Billion per Year!
Why “Six Sigma”?
• Proven Successful in “Quality-Demanding” Industries e.g., Motorola, Texas Instruments (many process steps in series)
time it would have taken to climb the learning curve on our own.”
John F. Welch, Jr. 1995 GE Annual Report
A Rigorous Method for Measuring & Controlling Our Quality
GE Raising The Bar
– New Goal to be “Best in the World” vs. #1 or #2
– Customers are Expecting More, we Must Deliver
– “Ship-and-fix” Approach no Longer Tolerated in the Market
Unpredictable
X
X
XX X
X
X XX
X X
X
X X
Reduce Spread
6 Helps us Identify and Reduce VARIATION due to: - Insufficient Process Capability - Unstable Parts & Materials - Inadequate Design Margin
per 30 Pages in a Book
Money
$2.7 Million Indebtedness per $1 Billion in Assets
Time
3 1/2 Months per Century
$63,000 Indebtedness per $1 Billion in Assets