沧州师范学院专业外语阅读文献综述学院机械与电气工程学院姓名赵汝志学号**********专业电气工程及其自动化班级2014级1班2017 年 1 月电动机的简单介绍摘要：电动机是指依据电磁感应定律实现电能转换或传递的一种电磁装置。
它将电能转变为机械能，它主要包括一个用以产生磁场的电磁铁绕组或分布的定子绕组和一个旋转电枢或转子。
在定子绕组旋转磁场的作用下，其在电枢鼠笼式铝框中有电流通过并受磁场的作用而使其转动。
这些机器中有些类型可作电动机用，也可作发电机用。
它是将电能转变为机械能的一种机器。
通常电动机的作功部分作旋转运动，这种电动机称为转子电动机；也有作直线运动的，称为直线电动机。
关键词：电动机；电磁装置一、基本介绍1、发明过程：电动机使用了通电导体在磁场中受力的作用的原理，发现这一原理的是丹麦物理学家—奥斯特，由于受康德哲学与谢林的自然哲学的影响，坚信自然力是可以相互转化的，长期探索电与磁之间的联系。
1820年4月终于发现了电流对磁针的作用，即电流的磁效应。
同年7月21日以《关于磁针上电冲突作用的实验》为题发表了他的发现。
这篇短短的论文使欧洲物理学界产生了极大震动，导致了大批实验成果的出现，由此开辟了物理学的新领域──电磁学。
2、国内现状：我国的电动机生产开始于1917年，该行业在国内已经形成比较完整的产业体系。
我国电动机制造行业随着电力发展呈现出勃勃生机，产销规模和经济效益都有了大幅度提高。
我国电机产品虽然种类繁多，但效率普遍不高。
二、基本分类电动机按工作电源种类划分：可分为直流电机和交流电机。
直流电动机按结构及工作原理可划分：无刷直流电动机和有刷直流电动机。
有刷直流电动机可划分：永磁直流电动机和电磁直流电动机。
电磁直流电动机划分：串励直流电动机、并励直流电动机、他励直流电动机和复励直流电动机。
永磁直流电动机划分：稀土永磁直流电动机、铁氧体永磁直流电动机和铝镍钴永磁直流电动机。
其中交流电机还可分：同步电机和异步电机。
同步电机可划分：永磁同步电动机、磁阻同步电动机和磁滞同步电动机。
异步电机可划分：感应电动机和交流换向器电动机。
感应电动机可划分：三相异步电动机、单相异步电动机和罩极异步电动机等。
交流换向器电动机可划分：单相串励电动机、交直流两用电动机和推斥电动机。
三、工作原理电动机种类有很多种，下面简单介绍三相异步电动机的工作原理：当电动机的三相定子绕组通入三相对称交流电后，将产生一个旋转磁场，该旋转磁场切割转子绕组，从而在转子绕组中产生感应电流，载流的转子导体在定子旋转磁场作用下将产生电磁力，从而在电机转轴上形成电磁转矩，驱动电动机旋转，并且电机旋转方向与旋转磁场方向相同。
当三相异步电机接入三相交流电源时，三相定子绕组流过三相对称电流产生的三相磁动势并产生旋转磁场，该磁场以同步转速n0沿定子和转子内圆空间作顺时针方向旋转。
四、基本结构三相异步电动机的两个基本组成部分为定子和转子。
此外还有端盖、风扇等附属部分。
1、定子铁心：定子铁心是异步电动机主磁通磁路的一部分。
为了使异步电动机能产生较大的电磁转矩，希望有一个较强的旋转磁场，同时由于旋转磁场对定子铁心以同步转速旋转，定子铁心中的磁通的大小与方向都是变化的，必须设法减少由旋转磁场在定子铁心中所引起的涡流损耗和磁滞损耗，因此，定子铁心由导磁性能较好的0.5mm厚且冲有一定槽形的硅钢片叠压而成。
2、定子绕组：定子绕组是异步电机定子部分的电路，它也是由许多线圈按一定规律联接面成。
能分散嵌入半闭口槽的线圈由高强度漆包圆铜线或圆铝线绕成，放入半开口槽的成型线圈用高强度漆包扁沿线或扁铜线，或用玻璃丝包扁铜线绕成。
开口槽也放入成型线圈，其绝缘通常采用云母带，线圈放入槽内必须与槽壁之间隔有“槽绝缘”，以免电机在运行时绕组对铁心出现击穿或短路故障。
3、转子铁心：转子铁心也是电动机主磁通磁路的一部分，一般也由0.5毫米厚冲槽的硅钢片叠成，铁心固定在转轴或转子支架上。
整个转子铁心的外表面成圆柱形。
4、转子绕组：转子绕组分为笼型和绕线型两种结构，下面介绍绕线型绕组。
它是一个对称三相绕组，这个对称三相绕组接成星形，并接到转轴上三个集电环，再通过电刷使转子绕组与外电路接通。
五、结论电动机的运用在国内越来越多，种类繁多但是效率不高。
在了解了电动机的基本原理后，随着对电动机认识的加深，未来会有更多高效率的电机产生。
本文简单的提供了电动机的基础知识，是为了方便读者更好的了解电动机。
参考文献[1]孙建忠，刘凤春。
电机与拖动[M]。
机械工业出版社。
[2]邱关源。
电路[M]。
高等教育出版社。
A brief introduction to the motorAbstract:Electromagnetism is a kind of electromagnetism which can realize the conversion or transmission of electric energy according to the law of electromagnetic induction. It converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and consists essentially of an electromagnet winding or distributed stator windings for generating a magnetic field and a rotating armature or rotor. In the stator windings under the action of rotating magnetic field, the armature squirrel-cage aluminum in the current through the magnetic field and the role of its rotation. Some of these machines can be used for electric motors as well as generators. It is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Usually the work part of the motor for rotary motion, this motor is called the rotor motor; also for linear motion, known as the linear motor.Keywords: motor; electromagnetic deviceFirst, the basic introduction1, the invention process:The principle of the motor using the force of the conducting conductor in the magnetic field was discovered by the Danish physicist Oersted, because of the influence of Kant's philosophy and Schelling's natural philosophy, that the forces of nature can be transformed into each other , Long-term exploration of the relationship between electricity and magnetic. In 1820 April finally found the role of current on the magnetic needle, that is, the magnetic effect of the current. In July 21st the same year on the "needle on the power of the role of the experiment" as the title of his discovery. This short paper to the European physics community had a great shock, resulting in a large number of experimental results, which opened up a new field of physics ──electromagnetics.2, the domestic situation:China's motor production began in 1917, the industry in China has formed a relatively complete industrial system. China's electric motor manufacturing industry with the development of electric power has shown vitality, production and marketing scale and economic benefits have been greatly improved. Although a wide range of motor products in China, but the efficiency is generally not high.Second, the basic classificationThe motor according to the type of power supply division: can be divided into DC motor and AC motor. DC motor by structure and working principle can be divided into: brushless DC motor and brush DC motor. Brush DC motor can be divided into: permanent magnet DC motor and electromagnetic DC motor. Electromagnetic DC motor division: series excitation DC motor, shunt DC motor, he excited DC motor and DC motor excitation. Permanent magnet DC motor division:rare earth permanent magnet DC motor, ferrite permanent magnet DC motor and aluminum nickel cobalt permanent magnet DC motor. Which AC motor can be divided into: synchronous motor and asynchronous motor. Synchronous motor can be divided: permanent magnet synchronous motor, reluctance synchronous motor and hysteresis synchronous motor. Induction motor can be divided into: induction motor and AC commutator motor. Induction motor can be divided into: three-phase asynchronous motor, single-phase asynchronous motor and shaded pole asynchronous motor. AC commutator motor can be divided into: single-phase series motor, AC-DC dual-motor and repulsion motor.Third, the working principleThere are many types of motor, the following simple three-phase induction motor works: When the three-phase stator winding of the motor into the three-phase AC, will produce a rotating magnetic field, the rotating magnetic field rotor winding, which in the rotor winding The rotor current of the rotor will produce electromagnetic force under the action of the rotating magnetic field of the stator, so that the electromagnetic torque will be formed on the motor shaft, the motor will rotate and the direction of rotation will be the same as the rotating magnetic field. When the three-phase asynchronous motor access to three-phase AC power, three-phase stator windings flow through the three-phase symmetrical current generated by three-phase MMF and produce a rotating magnetic field, the synchronous speed of the magnetic field along the stator and rotor inner space for n0 Clockwise rotation.Fourth, the basic structureThe two basic components of a three-phase asynchronous motor are the stator and the rotor. In addition, end caps, fans and other ancillary parts.1, the stator core:The stator core is a part of the main magnetic flux path of the induction motor. In order to make the induction motor can produce a larger electromagnetic torque, it is desirable to have a strong rotating magnetic field, and the magnetic flux in the stator core is changed in size and direction due to the rotating magnetic field rotating at a synchronous speed to the stator core. So that the stator core is made of a 0.5 mm-thick silicon steel sheet having a good magnetic permeability and laminated with a certain groove-shaped silicon steel sheet, so as to reduce the eddy current loss and hysteresis loss caused by the rotating magnetic field in the stator core.2, the stator windings:Stator winding is the stator part of the asynchronous motor circuit, it is also by a number of coils connected by a certain law into the surface. Can be dispersed semi-closed slot embedded in the coil by the high-strength enamelled round copper wire or round aluminum wire into thehalf-slot slot into the forming coil with high-strength enamel along the flat or flat copper wire, or glass wire wrapped copper wire to make. Open slot is also placed in the forming coil, the insulation is usually used mica tape, the coil into the slot wall must be separated with the slot insulation to prevent the motor running in the winding of the core breakdown or short circuit failure.3, the rotor core:The rotor core is also part of the main magnetic flux path of the motor, and is usually also made of silicon steel sheet of 0.5 mm thick punching groove, and the iron core is fixed on the shaft or the rotor bracket. The outer surface of the entire rotor core is cylindrical.4, the rotor winding:Rotor winding is divided into two types of cage and winding structure, the following describes the winding winding. It is a symmetrical three-phase winding, the symmetrical three-phase windings connected to the star-shaped, and connected to the shaft on the three collector ring, and then through the brush to the rotor winding connected with the external circuit. V. ConclusionThe use of motors in the country more and more, but the efficiency is not high. In the understanding of the basic principles of the motor, with the deepening of the understanding of the motor, the future will have more efficient motor production. This article simply provides the basic knowledge of the motor is to facilitate the reader a better understanding of the motor.references[1] Sun Jianzhong, Liu Fengchun. Motor and drag [M]. Machinery Industry Press.[2] Qiu Guan source. Circuit [M]. Higher Education Press.。