SPRAWL
Increased Vehicle Ownership Dispersed Development Pattern 分散发展模式 小汽车拥有量 增加 Automobile-Oriented Transport Planning 小汽车导向式交通规 划
Generous Parking Supply 需要大量发展竞争，因此，很多城区经历了衰 退
The US Today 如今美国
• Heavy auto dependence is a big issue - air pollution, excessive energy use, congestion are all costly problems • 对小汽车的过渡以来是一个很大的问题—空气污染，能源的过度消耗 ，交通拥堵等。 • Cities and metropolitan regions are trying their best to create a better balance of transit, cars, walking and cycling • 一些城市和大都市地区都在努力去平衡公共交通，小汽车，步行车和 自行车的关系。 • Many are focusing on “smart growth” and “sustainable development” to improve conditions and create a better future • 许多城市都聚焦在“精明增长”和“可持续的发展”来改善我们的状 况，创造一个更好的未来。
Smart Growth Technique:
精明增长技术
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) 原则
WHAT IS TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT?
什么是TOD？
• Development within walking distance of a transit station with density of population, employment, and/or commercial activity to produce a high level of transit ridership在公共交通车站周边的合理 步行范围内，进行居住、就业和/或商业活动的高密度混合开发 ，为公交系统饲喂大量乘客 • designed for comfortable walking and biking within the local area地 块设计时要创造出适于步行和自行车交通的友好环境 • Transit used for longer-distance trips利用公交完成较长距离的出行 （相对步行和自行车的短距离出行而言） • Many people will use cars, too, so traffic and parking must be managed effectively还是会有许多人使用小汽车，因此需要有效 管理道路交通和停车
The US Experience 美国的经验
• After World War II, US built housing fast in the suburbs on farmland and built highways for access to jobs and services – both government subsidized • 第二次世界大战以后，美国在郊区的农田建造了住宅，政府资助修建 高速公路，用于通勤出行 • Built at densities too low for transit – so automobiles became a necessity • 对于开发密度较低的地区，不太适合建立公共交通-小汽车变为必要 • Cities had a hard time competing with subsidized suburban development and some experienced decline
Promoting Transit, Walking and Biking for Smart Growth and Sustainable Cities 改善公共交通、步行和自行车交通， 促进城市精明增长和可持续发展
Elizabeth Deakin University of California, Berkeley August 2007
Suburbanization and Degraded Cities 市郊化和城市衰败
From “Evaluating Transportation Land Use Impacts”, Todd Litman, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, February 2007,
Planning for TOD TOD的规划
• A mix of land uses is important in TOD so that the occupants of the district and the transit users have the services they need within easy walking distance – for example, residents will need grocery stores and pharmacies, schools and health clinics 混合土地利用对于TOD来说尤为重要，这样的话， 当地居民和公交出行者就可以仅步行很短距离获取所需的 各种服务－比如食品杂货店、药店、学校和诊所 • Good pedestrian and bike access is very important within the TOD and this means that traffic and parking must be managed TOD区域内良好的步行和自行车可达性非常重要 ，这同时也意味着需要对TOD区域内的机动车交通和停车 进行有效管理和适当限制
TOD CITIES
Paris巴黎 Berlin柏林 London伦敦 Copenhagen哥本哈根 New York纽约 Boston波士顿 San Francisco旧金山
Matching Land Uses to Transit 使用地与公共交通相适应
• High density land uses are located around rail stations or bus rapid transit lines to create attractive districts – density depends on transit capacity在轨道交通车站或快速公交车站周边进行高密度开发， 创造出具有吸引力的区域－开发的密度取决于大容量公交系统 的乘客运送能力 • Some districts are office oriented, others more residential, others oriented toward shopping or cultural activities; a mix of TOD types is best有些区域主要由办公用地组成，有些以居住用地为主，另一 些则是以商业或文化用地为主；混合各种性质用地的TOD形式才 是最好的 • Within TODs, walking and biking must be very convenient and attractive; between districts, transit should be the most attractive mode. 在TOD区域内，步行和自行车出行必须非常方便，且对人 们具有吸引力；在TOD区域之间，公共交通应该是最有吸引力的 出行手段
Smart Growth Principles
精明增长原则
1. Mix land uses土地混合利用 2. Take advantage of compact building design优先发展紧凑型住宅 3. Create a range of housing opportunities and choices创造一系列的住房机会 和选择 4. Create walkable neighborhoods创造适合步行邻里系统 5. Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place培育 独特，富有吸引力的社区，使它们具有强烈的场所感。 6. Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas保护公共空间，农场，自然景观和濒危环境地区。 7. Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities加强和引 导对现有社区的发展 8. Provide a variety of transportation choices提供多种交通出行方式 9. Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost effective使开发决策 更加具有预见性和公平性，提高其成效益。 10. Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions鼓励市民和利益相关人员参与开发决策。
Key Issues
关键问题
• Managing urban growth and transportation as an effective system, to produce a strong economy, a high quality environment, and social harmony • 节约型的城市增长，高效的交通系统能够促进经济的增长，良好的环 境以及社会的和谐。 • Managing the automobile and providing high quality transit services • 有效 的管理机动车，提供高品质的公共交通的服务 • Promoting the best practices and the best choices • 提升我们的服务以及最好的选择