医学遗传学检测技术PPT
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Centromer specific probes
● chromosome 7 centromer specific signal ● chromosome 8 centromer specific signal
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Whole chromosome painting probes
Chromosome 8 painting probe
动操纵控制,既快速又直观。
Array CGH 的技术限制
1. aCGH 不能检测: •平衡染色体重排 •某些多倍体 •DNA序列的碱基改变 •探针没有覆盖区域的异常
2. aCGH检测结果正常不等于受检者遗传学检测完全正常
3. 异常的aCGH检测结果可能临床意义不明
CytoScan 750K-适合临床对于低成本需求的芯片
的进一步分析、Veltman对20例已知细胞遗传学异常的特发性痴呆患者进 行了双盲研究,检测出所有已知异常,几个新的基因拷贝数改变。 5.剖析复杂的人类基因组多态性现象:揭示与疾病相关的多态性基因。 6. 多基因病的病因分析:关联分析 7. 儿童孤独症:10% vs 90%, 原发缺少boratory Diagnosis
❖Radiology ❖Clinical Evaluation
基于aCGH&NGS的预防、诊断、治疗
➢ Carrier detection ➢ Preimplantation genetic diagnosis ➢ Prenatal diagnosis ➢ Newborn screening ➢ Postnatal diagnostic testing
▪ 适合临床对于低成本需求的细胞遗传学芯片 ▪ 含有超过75万种探针,包括 ▪ 20万种可以分型的SNP探针 ▪ 55万个拷贝数探针
▪ 所有探针都是经过人工真实实验筛选 ▪ 所有探针是从2400万个探针库中筛选而得到的,这个是独一无二的设计策略
▪ 以基因为中心进行芯片设计 ▪ 全基因组骨架(backbone)设计 ▪ 覆盖>15,400 RefSeq genes
▪ 领先的基因覆盖率指标 ▪ 100%覆盖国际细胞遗传学学会认可的基因 ▪ 100%覆盖癌症相关基因 ▪ 100%覆盖X染色体基因 ▪ 98%覆盖OMIM疾病相关基因 ▪ 96%覆盖RefSeq genes
▪ 简化的实验流程 ▪ 所有重要试剂打包提供 ▪ 免费的分析软件ChAs
在人类遗传性疾病中的应用
TELOMERIC PROBES
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Locus specific probes
DiGeorge Syndrome ( microdeletion on 22 ) ● 22q13 specific control signal ● 22q11.2 specific DiGeorge probe
SRY locus specific probe. SRY/X probe was used. ● X chromosome centromer specific probe ● SRY probe
• Karyotyping variation as result of operator skills • Resolution can range from 5 Mb to 10 Mb depending on preparation • Microarrays offer unbiased means of detecting chromosomal aberrations.
▪ 密度最高的细胞遗传学芯片 ▪ 含有超过270万种探针,包括 ▪ 75万种可以分型的SNP探针 ▪ 195万个拷贝数探针
▪ 所有探针都是经过人工真实实验筛选 ▪ 所有探针是从2400万个探针库中筛选而得到的,这个是独一无二的设计策略
▪ 以基因为中心进行芯片设计 ▪ 全基因组骨架(backbone)设计 ▪ 覆盖>18,500 RefSeq genes
Indications for Ordering
➢ Individuals with an unexplained abnormal phenotype,such as: ◦ Autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD)/pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) ◦ Developmental delay/intellectual disability, with or without dysmorphic features ◦ Multiple congenital anomalies ◦ Heart defects & Epilepsy/seizures
基因组异常与基因病的诊断方法
Laboratory Diagnosis
❖ Genetic Methods ✓Cytogenetics ✓Molecular Genetics ✓Biochemical Genetics
❖ Non-Genetic Methods
✓Pathology
✓Cytology
✓Immunology
医学遗传学检测技术
在临床诊断的应用
基因和基因组
46 chromosomes – 2 x 3,000,000,000 DNA base pairs in each haploid encoding 21,000 genes
Each mitochondrial -16,500 base pairs in each mitochondrial DNA molecule encoding 37 genes
种类:确定的遗传疾病超过24000种。 • 单基因病-- 涉及一对基因,AR、AD、XR、XD。 • 多基因病--多对基因和环境共同作用所导致的疾病。 • 染色体病-- 数目异常及结构异常引起的疾病。 • 体细胞遗传病-- 体细胞突变如肿瘤。 • 线粒体病-- 线粒体及核基因异常。
特征:垂直传递、终生性、发病率低、危害严重、家族性发病、多 无有效治疗。成为危害人类健康的主要疾病
▪ 领先的基因覆盖率指标 ▪ 100%覆盖国际细胞遗传学学会认可的基因 ▪ 100%覆盖癌症相关基因 ▪ 93%覆盖X染色体基因 ▪ 83%覆盖OMIM疾病相关基因 ▪ 80%覆盖RefSeq genes
▪ 简化的实验流程 ▪ 所有重要试剂打包提供 ▪ 免费的分析软件ChAs
CytoScan HD-产前、产后、癌症、其它遗传疾病研究
➢ Identification of LCSH that may be suggestive of UPD or increased risk of a recessive disorder
➢ Further characterizationof a chromosomal abnormality,including marker chromosomes, ring chromosomes, apparent terminal deletions, unbalanced translocations, or subsequent analysis of an apparently balanced de novo rearrangement seen in patients with abnormal phenotypes
❖Germ line mutations ❖Somatic mutation ➢ Predictive, presymptomatic testing and Personalized Medicine
Variability in preparing chromosomes
The same chromosome prepared 6 different times!
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2008 Nature Education
ArrayCGH技术明显的优势
核型分析:带型复杂、个体差异,不可能全部机械化
FISH技术:位点受限、需已知探针序列
传统CGH :人为因素的限制,需要一定的经验技术和劳动力支持,必
需依靠经验丰富的细胞遗传学家。
阵列CGH:高通量、高分辨,靶序列特定检测, 精确地定位。其结果自
➢ Screening for microdeletions and microduplications associated with known syndromes/clinical phenotypes
➢ Screening for unique microdeletions and microduplications not associated with known syndromes
ARUP
Figure 2. Detection of genomic disorders. Detection of 22q.11.2 microdeletion syndrome and reciprocal 22q11.2 microduplication syndrome by Array CGH with FISH confirmation. (a1) Array CGH showing a loss in copy number of chromosome band 22q11.2 involving the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome region (red circle). (a2) FISH analysis shows lack of signal (red oval) for target probe on one chromosome 22, confirming the deletion (green signal is control probe, red signal is target probe). Insert-G-banded chromosome analysis showing the deletion on one chromosome 22 (black arrow). (b1) Array CGH showing a gain in copy number of chromosome band 22q11.2 involving the 22q11.2 duplication syndrome region (red circle). (b2) FISH analysis shows three signals for the target probe, confirming the duplication (green signal is control probe, red signal is target probe). Insert-G-banded chromosome analysis showing the duplication on one chromosome 22 (black arrow).