Apache-Tables<Virtual Environment>5.9Apache-TablesTable1Ground Reflectance (3)Table2Precipitable Water Vapour Depth(In Metres) (4)Table3Dry-Bulb Temperatures (5)Table4World Weather Data (6)Table5U-Values for Glazing (7)Table6Thermal Conductivity,Specific Heat Capacity and Density (9)Table8Shading Coefficient and Short-wave Radiant Fraction for Blinds and Curtains (19)Table9Transmission Factors for External Miniature Louvres (20)Table10Sensible and Latent Gains from People (21)Table11Radiant Fraction for Casual Gains (22)Table12Winter Design Temperatures and Air Changes (23)Table13Heat Emitter Radiant Fraction (26)Table14Solar Absorptivity (27)Table15Thermal Resistances of Air Gaps (28)Table16Diffusion Resistance Factors (30)Table17Permeances (31)Table18Vapour Resistivities (32)Table21Inside Surface Resistance(Table A3.5CIBSE Guide) (34)Table22Outside Surface Resistance(Table A3.6CIBSE Guide) (35)Table23Emissivities of Various Materials(Table C3.7CIBSE Guide) (36)Table1Ground ReflectanceGeneral Situation Typical KrTemperate localities0.2Tropical localities(humid)0.2Tropical localities(arid)0.5 Source:CIBSE GuideEnvironment Typical KrSnow(fresh)0.8-0.9Snow(old)0.45-0.7Water0.1-0.2Ice0.7Grass0.25Crops&woodland0.2Concrete0.3Brick0.2-0.4Asphalt0.15Source:Climate in the UK by Page&Lebens.Table2Precipitable Water Vapour Depth(In Metres)Altitude Latitude(air pressure)030456070 Warm or wet season1000mb mean0.050.040.0250.020.018 min.0.020.020.010.0070.007 max.0.10.070.040.040.04900mb mean0.030.0190.0160.01250.011 min.0.010.0070.0070.0040.004 max.0.070.040.040.020.02800mb mean0.020.0150.010.0080.007 min.0.010.0070.0040.0040.002 max.0.040.040.020.020.02700mb mean0.010.0080.0050.0040.0035 min.0.0040.0040.0020.0020.001 max.0.020.020.010.010.01Cold or dry season1000mb mean0.030.0150.0080.0050.003 min.0.010.0040.0040.0020.001 max.0.070.040.020.010.01900mb mean0.020.010.0050.00350.002 min.0.0070.0040.0020.0020.001 max.0.040.020.010.010.007800mb mean0.010.0060.0030.0020.001 min.0.0040.0020.0010.0010.0005 max.0.020.020.010.0070.002700mb mean0.0060.0030.00150.0010.0005 min.0.0020.0010.0010.00050.0002 max.0.010.010.0040.0020.001From'Solar Radiation',ed.by N.Robinson.Maps from Engineering Data Unit.Table3Dry-Bulb Temperatures See CIBSE Guide A Table A2.28.Table4World Weather Data See CIBSE Guide A Table A2.19.Table5U-Values for GlazingWithout FramesConstruction Sheltered Normal SevereSingle window glazing5 5.6 6.7Double window glazing with airspace25mm or more 2.8 2.9 3.212mm 2.83 3.36mm 3.2 3.4 3.83mm 3.64 4.4Triple window glazing with airspace25mm or more 1.92 2.112mm2 2.1 2.26mm 2.3 2.5 2.63mm 2.83 3.3Roof glazing skylight 5.7 6.67.9Horizontal laylight with skylightor lantern light over ventilated 3.5 3.8 4.2unventilated 2.83 3.3 With FramesWindow type Fraction of area Sheltered Normal Severeoccupied by frameSINGLE GLAZINGWood frame10% 4.7 5.3 6.320% 4.55 5.930% 4.2 4.7 5.5 Aluminium frame(no thermal break)10% 5.367.120% 5.6 6.47.530% 5.9 6.77.9 (with thermal break)10% 5.1 5.7 6.720% 5.2 5.8 6.830% 5.2 5.8 6.8 DOUBLE GLAZINGWood frame10% 2.83 3.220% 2.7 2.9 3.230% 2.7 2.9 3.1 Aluminium frame(no thermal break)10% 3.3 3.6 4.120% 3.9 4.3 4.830% 4.4 4.9 5.6 Aluminium frame(with thermal break)10% 3.1 3.3 3.720% 3.4 3.7430% 3.74 4.4Table6Thermal Conductivity,Specific Heat Capacity and DensitySystem Material DatabaseMaterial Description Conductivity Sp.Heat Capacity Density(W/mK)(J/kgK)(kg/m3) Asphalts&Other Roofing FinishesAsbestos Cement Decking0.36010501500 Asbestos Cement Sheet0.3601050700 Asphalt0.50010001700 Felt/Bitumen Layers0.50010001700 Asphalt/Asbestos Tiles0.5508371900 Roofing Felt0.190837960 Asphalt Mastic Roofing 1.1508372325 Built-Up Roof–BR010.16214641121 Roof Gravel/Slag–RG01 1.4428811674Boards,Sheets&DeckingsAsbestos Cement Decking0.36010501500 Asbestos Cement Sheet0.3601050700 Fibreboard0.0601000300 Gypsum Plasterboard0.160840950 Polyurethane Board0.025140030 Hardboard(Medium)0.0802000600 Hardboard(Standard)0.1302000900 Cork Board0.0401888160 Chipboard0.1502093800 Weatherboard0.1402000650 Perlite Plasterboard0.180837800 Cratherm Board0.050837176 Anti-Sun Glass Cladding 1.0507502500 Plate-Glass Cladding0.7608372710 4mm Clear Float Cladding 1.0507502500 Lightweight Metallic Cladding0.29010001250 Asbestos-Cement Board0.58010001900 Fibreboard–Tile&Lay-In Panel0.058600290 Paperboard–Laminated0.0721400480 Hardboard–Medium Density0.1051300800 Paperboard–Homogeneous FromRepulped Paper0.0721200480 Hardboard–High Density0.8201300880Hardboard–Standard TemperedGrade0.14413001010 Particleboard–Low Density0.1021300590 Particleboard–Medium Density0.1351300800 Particleboard–High Density0.17013001000 Asbestos-Cement Board–AB010.5978371922 Cement Mortar–CM010.7218371858 Particle Board Underlay–PB040.31112131202 Hard Board Medium Density Siding–HB010.0941171641 Hard Board Medium Density Others–HB020.1051297801 Hard Board High Density–HB030.1181381881 Hard Board High Density StandardService Tempered–HB040.14413811009Brick&Block WorkBrickwork(Outer Leaf)0.8408001700 Brickwork(Inner Leaf)0.6208001700 Concrete Block(Heavyweight) 1.63010002300 Concrete Block(Medium)0.51010001400 Concrete Block(Lightweight)0.1901000600 Concrete Paviour0.9608402000 Foam Slag0.2509601040 Vermiculite Insulating Brick0.270837700 Aerated Concrete Block0.2401000750 Thermalite-High Strength0.1901050760 Thermalite'Turbo'0.1101050480 Thermalite'Shield'/'Smooth Face'0.1701050650 Glass Block0.7008372500 Common Brick–BK010.7218371922 Face Brick–BK04 1.3109212083 Face Brick–HF-A2 1.3319212083 Face Brick–HF-A7 1.3319212003 Common Brick–HF-C40.7278371922CarpetWilton Carpet0.0601360186 Simulated Sheeps Wool0.0601360198 Wool Felt Underlay0.0401360160 Cellular Rubber Underlay0.1001360400 Synthetic Carpet0.0602500160ConcreteAerated Concrete Slab0.160840500 Cast Concrete(Dense) 1.4008402100 Cast Concrete(Lightweight)0.38010001200 Cast Concrete 1.130******** Concrete Block(Heavyweight) 1.63010002300 Concrete Block(Medium)0.51010001400 Concrete Block(Lightweight)0.1901000600 Concrete Paviour0.9608402000 Foam Slag0.2509601040 Aerated Concrete Block0.2401000750 Refactory Insulating Concrete0.2508371050 Vermiculite Aggregate0.170837450 Concrete Tiles 1.1008372100 Heavyweight Concrete Dried Aggregate–CC01 1.3108372243 Heavyweight Concrete UndriedAggregate–CC11 1.8028372243 Heavyweight Concrete UndriedAggregate–HF-C12 1.7308372243 Lightweight Concrete–80Lbs–CC210.368371282 Lightweight Concrete–30Lbs–CC310.130837481 Lightweight Concrete–40Lbs–HF-C140.173837641 Lightweight Concrete–HF-C20.380837609 Heavyweight Concrete Block-Hollow–CB010.8128371618 Heavyweight Concrete Block-Concrete-Filled–CB02 1.3108372234 Heavyweight Concrete Block-Perlite-Filled–CB030.3848371650 Heavyweight Concrete Block–Part-Filled Concrete–CB04 1.0118371826 Heavyweight Concrete Block–Concrete and Perlite-Filled–CB050.8258371842 Mediumweight Concrete Block-Hollow–CB210.5198371218 Mediumweight Concrete Block-Concrete-Filled–CB220.7718371842 Mediumweight Concrete Block-Perlite-Filled–CB230.2628371250 Mediumweight Concrete Block–Part-Filled Concrete–CB240.5728371426 Mediumweight Concrete Block–Concrete and Perlite-Filled–CB250.4318371442 Lightweight Concrete Block-Hollow–0.3848371041CB41Lightweight Concrete Block-Concrete-Filled–CB420.6398371666 Lightweight Concrete Block-Perlite-Filled–CB430.2208371073 Lightweight Concrete Block–Part-Filled Concrete–CB440.4868371250 Lightweight Concrete Block–Concreteand Perlite-Filled–CB450.3608371266Gravels,Beddings Etc.Stone Chippings0.96010001800 Gravel0.3608401840 Gravel-Based Soil0.5201842050 Tile Bedding 1.4006502100Insulating MaterialsEps Slab0.035140025 Silicon0.1801004700 Glass-Fibre Quilt0.04084012 Glass-Fibre Slab0.035100025 Mineral Fibre Slab0.035100030 Phenolic Foam0.040140030 Polyurethane Board0.025140030 Uf Foam0.040140010 Wood Wool Slab0.1001000500 Vermiculite Insulating Brick0.270837700 Refactory Insulating Concrete0.2508371050 Glasswool0.040670200 Thermalite-High Strength0.1901050760 Thermalite'Turbo'0.1101050480 Thermalite'Shield'/'Smooth Face'0.1701050650 Siporex0.1201004550 P.V.C0.16010041379 Polystyrene0.030138025 Hard Rubber0.150******** Cratherm Board0.050837176 Uf Foam Two0.030176430 Uf Foam Two0.030176430 Lightweight Metallic Cladding0.29010001250 Dense Eps Slab Insulation(styrofoam)0.025140030 Cellular Glass0.050800136 Glass-Fibre–Organic Bonded0.0361000100Expanded Perlite–Organic Bonded0.052130016 Expanded Rubber-Rigid0.032170072 Cellular Polyurethane0.023160024 Cellular Polyisocyanurate0.02390032 Cellular Phenolic–Mineral Fibre WithResin Binder0.042700240 Cement Fibre Slab–Shredded WoodWith Magnesia Oxysulfide CementBinder0.0821300350 Vermiculite-Exfoliated0.0681300120 Felt&Membrane–Felt–HF-E30.19016741121 Felt&Membrane–Finish–HF-A60.41510881249 Mineral Wool/Fibre–Batt–IN010.04383710 Mineral Wool/Fibre–Fill–IN110.04683710 Mineral Wool/Fibre–Fill–IN120.04683711 Cellulose Fill–IN130.039138148 Insulation Board–HF-B20.043138148 Insulation Board–HF-B50.04383732 Preformed Mineral Board–IN210.042711240 Expanded Polystyrene–IN310.035121329 Expanded Polyurethane–IN410.023159024 Urea Formaldehyde–IN510.035125511 Insulation Board Sheathing–IN610.0551297288 Insulation Board Shingle Backer–IN630.0581297288 Insulation Board Nail Base Sheathing–IN640.0641297400 Preformed Roof Insulation–IN710.052837256MetalSteel50.0004807800 Copper200.0004188900 Aluminium160.0008962800 Lightweight Metallic Cladding0.29010001250 Steel Siding–HF-A344.9704187690PlasterPlaster(Dense)0.50010001300 Plaster(Lightweight)0.1601000600 Gypsum Plasterboard0.160840950 Perlite Plasterboard0.180837800 Gypsum Plastering0.4208371200 Perlite Plastering0.080837400 Vermiculite Plastering0.200837720Plaster Ceiling Tiles0.3808401120 Cement Plaster0.7208001860 Perlite Plaster0.2201300720 Perlite Plaster–Sand Aggregate0.8108001680 Cement Plaster–With Sand Aggregate–CM030.7218371858 Gypsum/Plaster Board–HF-E10.160837801 Gypsum Plaster LightweightAggregate–GP040.230837721 Gypsum Plaster–Sand Aggregate–GP060.8198371682Screeds And RendersExternal Rendering0.50010001300 Screed0.4108401200 Granolithic Render/Screed0.8708372085 Stucco–HF-A10.7218372659Sands,Stones And SoilsStone Chippings0.96010001800 Gravel0.3608401840 Gravel-Based Soil0.5201842050 Sandstone 1.8307122200 Granite(Red) 2.9009002650 Marble(White) 2.7708022600 Cultivated Sandy Soil12.5%D.W.Moisture 1.79011901800 Cultivated Sandy Soil25.0%D.W.Moisture 2.22014802000 Cultivated Clay Soil12.5%D.W.Moisture 1.180******** Cultivated Clay Soil25.0%D.W.Moisture 1.59015502000 Cultivated Peat Soil133%D.W.Moisture0.2903300700 Cultivated Peat Soil366%D.W.Moisture0.50036501100 Dry Limestone Sub-Soil 1.4908402180 London Clay 1.41010001900 Soil 1.7298371842 Stone–ST01 1.8028372243 Stone–HF-A3 1.4351674881 Terrazzo–TZ01 1.8028372243TilesClay Tile0.8408001900 Concrete Tiles 1.1008372100 Slate Tiles 2.0007532700 Plastic Tiles0.5008371950 Rubber Tiles0.30020001600 Cork Tiles0.0801800530 Asphalt/Asbestos Tiles0.5508371900 P.V.C./Asbestos Tiles0.8508372000 Ceiling Tiles0.0561000380 Plaster Ceiling Tiles0.3808401120 Lightweight Metallic Cladding0.29010001250 Acoustical Tile–Mineral Fibreboard0.050800290 Acoustic Tile-AC010.0571339288 Acoustic Tile–HF-E50.0612142480 Hollow Clay Tile–1Cell–CT010.4988371121 Hollow Clay Tile–2Cells–CT030.5718371121 Hollow Clay Tile–3Cells–CT060.6928371121 Clay Tile–HF-C10.5718371121 Paver–Clay Tile–CT11 1.8028371922 Slate–SL01 1.44214641602TimberTimber Flooring0.1401200650 Plywood(Lightweight)0.1502500560 Plywood(Heavyweight)0.1501420700 Wood Blocks0.1401200650 Wood Wool Slab0.1001000500 Hardboard(Medium)0.0802000600 Hardboard(Standard)0.1302000900 Pine(20%Moist)0.1402720419 Cork Board0.0401888160 Chipboard0.1502093800 Weatherboard0.1402000650 Oak(Radial)0.1902390700 Cork Tiles0.0801800530 Plywood–PW010.1151213545 Soft Wood–WD010.1151381513 Hard Wood–WD110.1581255721 Wood–HF-B70.121837593 Plywood–Douglas Fir0.1201200540 Shingle Wood–WS010.1151255513Table7Reflectance,Absorbtance and Transmittance of Glazing MaterialsDescription Refl Absorp Trans RefrClear Float4mm0.070.110.82 1.526Clear Float6mm0.070.150.78 1.526Clear Float10mm0.070.230.7 1.526Clear Float12mm0.060.270.67 1.526'Spectrafloat'6mm51/65(Bronze)0.10.360.54 1.526'Antisun'Float6mm72/62(Green)0.050.490.46 1.526'Antisun'Float4mm55/68(Grey)0.050.40.55 1.526'Antisun'Float6mm42/60(Grey)0.050.530.42 1.526'Antisun'Float10mm25/49(Grey)0.040.710.25 1.526'Antisun'Float12mm19/45(Grey)0.040.770.19 1.526'Antisun'Float4mm61/70(Bronze)0.060.360.58 1.526'Antisun'Float6mm50/62(Bronze)0.050.490.46 1.526'Antisun'Float10mm33/51(Bronze)0.040.670.29 1.526'Antisun'Float12mm27/47(Bronze)0.040.730.23 1.526'Antisun'Float6mm54/62(Blue)0.050.490.46 1.526Reflectafloat6mm35/53(Silver)0.280.290.43 1.526'Suncool'Classic6mm20/33(Blue)0.210.640.15 1.526'Suncool'Classic6mm30/39(Blue)0.180.610.21 1.526'Suncool'Classic6mm40/50(Blue)0.10.580.32 1.526'Suncool'Classic6mm10/24(Bronze)0.210.730.06 1.526'Suncool'Classic6mm10/23(Silver)0.320.60.08 1.526'Suncool'Classic6mm20/34(Silver)0.180.660.16 1.526'Suncool'Classic10mm10/33(Blue)0.190.660.15 1.526'Suncool'Classic10mm30/38(Blue)0.170.630.2 1.526'Suncool'Classic10mm40/49(Blue)0.090.60.31 1.526'Suncool'Classic10mm10/24(Bronze)0.190.760.05 1.526'Suncool'Classic10mm10/23(Silver)0.30.620.08 1.526'Suncool'Classic10mm20/34(Silver)0.160.690.15 1.526'Suncool'Classic6mm20/34(Silver)0.180.660.16 1.526'Suncool'Classic10mm20/33(Blue)0.190.660.15 1.526Stopsol4mm(Clear)0.250.220.53 1.526Stopsol5mm(Clear)0.250.240.51 1.526Stopsol6mm(Clear)0.250.250.5 1.526Stopsol8mm(Clear)0.250.280.47 1.526Stopsol10mm(Clear)0.240.310.45 1.526Stopsol4mm(Bronze)0.270.380.35 1.526Stopsol5mm(Bronze)0.270.410.32 1.526Stopsol6mm(Bronze)0.260.450.29 1.526Stopsol8mm(Bronze)0.260.510.23 1.526Stopsol10mm(Bronze)0.260.560.18 1.526 Stopsol6mm(Silver)0.20.370.43 1.526 Kappafloat4mm(Champagne)0.170.220.61 1.526 Kappafloat4mm(Neutral)0.20.140.66 1.526 Kappafloat6mm(Champagne)0.160.260.58 1.526 Kappafloat6mm(Neutral)0.20.170.63 1.526 Saflex Blue-Green(Light)5.4mm0.070.190.74 1.526 Saflex Blue-Grey(Light)5.4mm0.060.40.54 1.526 Saflex Blue-Grey(Medium)6.2mm0.050.590.36 1.526 Saflex Bronze5.4mm0.060.410.53 1.526 Saflex Bronze(Light)5.4mm0.060.370.57 1.526 Saflex Bronze(Medium)5.7mm0.050.560.39 1.526 Saflex Green-Blue(Light)5.3mm0.070.180.75 1.526 Saflex Grey5.4mm0.050.510.44 1.526 Saflex Grey-Green(Light)5.4mm0.060.420.52 1.526 Saflex Marine Blue(Light)5.3mm0.060.350.59 1.526 Saflex Marine Blue(Medium)5.3mm0.050.560.39 1.526 Saflex Pink(Light)6.3mm0.060.310.63 1.526 Saflex Translucent White6.1mm0.060.370.57 1.526 Saflex Shadowlite Smoke Brown(L)5.4mm0.060.390.55 1.526 Saflex Shadowlite Smoke Brown(M)5.3mm0.050.670.28 1.526 Saflex Shadowlite Smoke Brown(D)6.3mm0.040.860.1 1.526 Polycarbonate3mm Clear0.090.090.82 1.6 Acrylic3mm Clear0.090.060.85 1.49 Luxguard6mm(Bright Silver)Cs-140.270.610.12 1.526 Luxguard6mm(Bright Silver)Cs-200.220.610.17 1.526 Luxguard6mm(Bright Silver)Cs-350.140.540.32 1.526 Luxguard6mm(Pewter)Cp-140.20.660.14 1.526 Luxguard6mm(Pewter)Cp-200.160.650.19 1.526 Luxguard6mm(Pewter)Cp-350.090.580.33 1.526 Luxguard6mm(Bronze)Cb-140.180.690.13 1.526 Luxguard6mm(Bronze)Cb-200.130.680.19 1.526 Luxguard6mm(Bronze)Cb-350.080.60.32 1.526 Luxguard6mm(Royal Blue)Cr-140.170.70.13 1.526 Luxguard6mm(Royal Blue)Cr-200.120.690.19 1.526 Luxguard6mm(Royal Blue)Cr-350.070.610.32 1.526 Thermoclear8mm Polycarbonate Sheeting0.050.80.15 1.59 Thermoclear16mm Polycarbonate Sheeting0.080.70.22 1.59 Perfectly Clear Glazing Material0011Note:1)The figures for Kappafloat are for viewing the glass from the coated side,i.e.when theKappafloat is the inside pane.If the Kappafloat is used as the outside pane then values should be obtained from another source.2)The Saflex and Saflex Shadowlite glasses are laminated glass with a0.38mm interlayer3)The refractive index for the plastic materials listed(GRP,PC)will NOT be the same asfor glass.Sources of above data:Pilkington,Transmission Properties of Windows July85Glaverbel,Reflective Glazing Monsanto, Solar Control J.Page and R.Lebens,Climate in the United Kingdom.Table8Shading Coefficient and Short-wave Radiant Fraction for Blinds and CurtainsShading device ShadingCoefficient Short-wave Radiant FractionDark green open-weave plastic blind0.810.5Venetian blind0.610.3White cotton curtain0.540.3Cream Holland linen blind0.400.3Mid-pane Venetian blind0.440.4(From BRE data)Net curtain(fine)0.76Net curtain(open weave)0.85Venetian blind(open)0.83Venetian blind(closed)0.56Light curtain(closed)0.49(From ETSU data for white room1987)Note:A shading coefficient of0means full shading,and a coefficient of1means no shading.Table9Transmission Factors for External Miniature LouvresVertical ShadowAngle(°)TransmissonStandard Koolshade Low-Sun Angle KoolShade00.650.5150.40.2300.204500600075009000 From Colt KoolShade leaflet.Table10Sensible and Latent Gains from PeopleSensible(S)and latent(L)heat emissions(in Watts)from an adult human male with a body surface area of2m².Further information on people gains can be found in Section1.4of CIBSE Guide A.Degree of Activity20°C22°CSensible Latent Sensible LatentSeated at rest90258035Light work100409050Walking slowly1105010060Light bench work130105115120Medium work140125125140Heavy work190250165275Sensible and latent gains from machinery etc.can be found in Section6of CIBSE Guide A.Table11Radiant Fraction for Casual GainsSource r.f.fluorescent light0.45tungsten light0.85high-pressure discharge lamp0.62people0.20computer equipment0.22 Radiant fractions for plane surfaces in a room at20°C.Surfaces are assumed to have emissivity of0.9.Surface Temperature(°C)VerticalsurfaceHorizontalSurface looking downHorizontalSurface looking up50.580.530.79 300.640.830.6 500.580.80.53 700.560.80.52 1000.560.80.51 2000.60.840.56 3000.670.870.62 4000.730.90.69Table12Winter Design Temperatures and Air ChangesType of building Temperature Air changes(°C)(/h)Art galleries and museums201Assembly halls,lecture halls180.5Banking halls:large(height over4m)201small(height less than4m)20 1.5Bars181Canteens and dining rooms201Churches and chapels:up to7000m²180.5over7000m²180.25vestries201Dining and banqueting halls210.5Exhibition halls:large(height over4m)180.25small(height less than4m)180.5Factories:sedentary work19see notelight work16belowheavy work13Fire stations,ambulance stations:appliance rooms150.5watch rooms200.5recreation rooms181Flats,residences and hostels:living rooms211bedrooms180.5Bed sitting rooms211bathrooms222lavatories and cloakrooms18 1.5service rooms160.5staircases and corridors16 1.5 entrance halls and foyers16 1.5 public rooms211Gymnasiums160.75Hospitals:corridors161 offices201 operating theatre suite18-210.5 stores150.5 wards and patient areas182 waiting rooms181Hotels:bedrooms(standard)221 bedrooms(luxury)241 public rooms211 staircases and corridors18 1.5 entrance halls and foyers18 1.5Laboratories201Law Courts201Libraries:reading rooms(height over4m)200.5 reading rooms(height below4m)200.75 stack rooms180.5 store rooms150.25Offices:general201 private201 stores150.5Police stations:cells185Restaurants and tea shops181Schools and colleges:classrooms182 lecture rooms181 studios181Shops and showrooms:small181large180.5department store180.25fitting rooms21 1.5store rooms150.5Sports pavilions:dressing rooms211Swimming baths:changing rooms220.5bath halls260.5Warehouses:working and packing spaces160.5storage spaces130.25For infiltration rates in factories see CIBSE Guide A4,page A4_9and Table A4.9.The tabulated infiltration rates are based on normal exposure and on an average ratio(25%) of openable areas(windows and doors)to external wall area.If the ratio much exceeds25% in one external wall only,increase the infiltration by one quarter;if it is the case for two or more walls,an increase of one half should be allowed.On severely exposed sites,a50% increase should be allowed,and on sheltered sites the infiltration rate may be reduced by one third.During periods when the building is unoccupied the infiltration rate can be taken as half that obtained in normal use.The air-change rate in rooms in tall buildings may be increased above the values given by the direct action of the wind,and by stack effect.The design of tall buildings should include barriers against vertical air movement through stairwells and shafts to minimize stack effect. If this is not done,the balance of internal temperatures can be seriously upset.Where warm air is supplied mechanically for ventilation,rates of infiltration applicable to a closed building(i.e.half the tabulated values)should be used for calculating the room heat requirements,so that room temperatures can be maintained,if required,when the mechanical ventilation is not operating.Heat for the warm air requirements must,however, be included in the total load on the central plant.Table13Heat Emitter Radiant FractionHeat emitter Radiant fractionForced warm air heaters0Natural convectors and convector radiators0.1Multicolumn radiators0.2Double and triple panel radiators and doublecolumn radiators0.3Single column radiators,floor warming systems,block storage heaters0.5Vertical and ceiling panel heaters0.67High temperature radiant systems0.9Note that if the heater is obstructed by furniture or a floor warming system is impeded by carpet on the floor,allowance must be made when calculating the heating load.For example, a radiant heater obstructed by furniture will behave more like a natural convector.Table14Solar AbsorptivityMaterial AbsorptionBricksWhite glazed0.25Fletton light0.4Fletton dark0.65Stafford blue0.9White sand lime0.4-0.5Red sand lime0.55-0.7StoneLimestone0.3-0.5White marble0.45Red granite0.55RoofsConcrete tiles0.65Asphalt0.9Grey slates0.8-0.9Red tiles0.4-0.8Asbestos sheets,natural colour0.6Galvanised iron0.65Lead sheeting0.8Mortar screed0.8Aluminium0.2Copper(tarnished)0.65Whitewashed roof or white tile0.3-0.5Water1m thick0.562m thick0.613m thick0.64Dirty surfacesLight when clean0.5Medium when clean0.8Dark when clean0.9Table15Thermal Resistances of Air GapsUnventilated air gapsThermal resistance(m²K/W)forThickness Surfaceemissivity Horizontalheat flowUpwardheat flowDownwardheat flowHigh0.10.10.1 5mmLow0.180.180.18High0.180.170.22 25mm or overLow0.350.35 1.06High emissivity plane and corrugatedsheets in contactHigh0.090.090.11Low emissivity multiple foil insulation withair gap on one sideLow0.620.62 1.76Ventilated air gapsType ThermalresistanceGap between asbestos cement or blackmetal cladding with unsealed jointsand high emissivity lining0.16Gap between asbestos cement or blackmetal cladding with unsealed joints,and low emissivity surface facing gap0.3Loft space between flat ceiling andunsealed asbestos cement sheets orblack metal cladding pitched roof0.14Loft space between flat ceiling andpitched roof with aluminium claddinginstead of black metal or lowemissivity upper surface on ceiling0.25Loft space between flat ceiling andpitched roof lined with felt orbuilding paper0.18Gap between tiles and roofing feltor building paper0.12Gap between tiles on tile hung wall(includes resistance of tile)0.12 Gap in cavity wall construction0.18Table16Diffusion Resistance FactorsMaterial Diffusion Resistance FactorBrick(common) 6.7-10Brick(sand lime)8.6-71Cement mortar37.5-50Concrete(pumice) 5.8-30Concrete(gas) 5.1-11.9Cork slab 2.5-15Hardboard80-200Insulating board 2.4-6Lime mortar8.6-9.8Mineral wool(bituminised) 1.55-1.75Plaster7.0-12Plywood210-670Wood-wool slab 2.5-5.1Table17PermeancesMaterial Permeance(kg/Ns)x1E-11Aluminium-foil0.01-0.57-foil backing plasterboard0.025-0.50Asphalt(1.1kg/m²)0.6Breather Membrane20Building Paper(bitumen impregnated)10Felt-felt laid in bitumen0.1Kraft Paper-single454double281three-ply200four-ply174five ply160Paints-emulsion200-gloss 2.5-12.5-vapour resistant4Polythene Film(0.06mm)0.4Polyethylene-500gauge(0.12mm)0.286-0.500-1000gauge(0.25mm)0.167-0.250Vinyl Wallpaper10 Sources of data:BSI5250J.Page and R.Lebens,Climate in the United Kingdom.ASHRAE GuideTable18Vapour ResistivitiesMaterial ResistivityTypical Range(GN s/kg m)(GN s/kg m) Asbestos Cement Sheeting and Substitutes:300200-1000Blockwork and Brickwork:Lightweight/aerated blocks3020-50Medium weight blocks5030-80Dense/clinker blocks10060-150Common/facing brick5025-100Sandlime/engineering brick10080-250Boards etc.:Cork board10050-200Chipboard500Fibreboard-Plain or tile4015-60Hardboard600450-1000Carpeting:Normal backing107.0-20.0Foam backed or with underlay200100-300Concrete(cast):Lightweight/aerated4030-80Medium weight10060-150Dense200No fines20Insulating Materials:Polystyrene-expanded bead300100-600-expanded extruded1000600-1300 Polyurethane foam(closed cell)600500-1000Glass fibre7Expanded or foamed glass10000Urea formaldehyde1510.0-30.0Vermiculite15PVC sheet or tile1000800-1300Plaster:Plaster60Plasterboard60Screeds and Renders:Rendering100Screed100Stonework:Granite,slate and marble300150-450Limestone and sandstone200150-450Tiles:Roofing tile or slating25050-300Ceramic tiling2000500-5000Timber:General6040-70Pine500Plywood1000150-6000Woodwool slabs2015-40 Source of data:BSI5250Table21Inside Surface Resistance(Table A3.5CIBSE Guide)Surface resistance(m²K/W)Building element Heat flow High emissivity Low emissivityfactor factorWalls Horizontal0.120.3Ceilings or roofs,Upward0.10.22flat or pitchedfloorsCeilings and floors Downward0.140.55Notes:1.High emissivity factor assumesε1=ε2=0.90(most building materials),Low emissivity factor assumesε1=0.90,ε2=0.05,2.Surface temperatures are20°C3.Air speed at the surface is assumed to be less than or equal to0.1m/s。