middle distillate 中间馏份Mitigation 减少，减排Mtce 一种能量单位百万吨标煤NOx 氮氧化物noxious material 有害物质Off the shelf 现货供应One-through design 一次通过方式Operating &maintenance / O&M 运行维护Overnight 隔夜oxygenated fuel 氧化燃料Oxygen-blown gasification 氧吹气化Ozone 臭氧paraffin 石蜡Pilot plant scale 试验厂规模PM for particulate matter 颗粒物Poly-generation 多联产Poly-generation technology 多联产技术Power island 动力岛power sector 电力行业ppb level 十亿分率水平pressurized canister 加压罐Process configuration 工艺配置Process heat 工艺用热Production cost 生产成本Propane 丙烷public good 公共福利Purge gas 净化气体Quench 冷Reaction conditions: P for pressure T for temperature 反应条件: P 代表压力，T代表温度Recycle design 循环方式reduce 还原;减少refinery 炼油renewable energy 可再生能源residual 渣油Saturator 饱和器semi-refined 半精制的Single(or One)-pass conversion 一次通过的转化率Slurry 浆SO2 二氧化硫social cost 社会成本Soot 烟灰Spark-ignition engine 火花引燃式发动机Stand-alone 单独的Streamline 简化使有效率Sulfur 硫Syncrude 合成原油Syngas or synthesis gas 合成气Syngas park 合成气园Synthesis 合成Synthesis conversion 合成转化率synthesis reactor 合成反应器Synthetic fuel 合成燃料TFESTTI for Technical Infrastructure 技术基础设施toxic metal 有毒金属物Unreacted 未反应的USDOE 美国能源部Vapor pressure 蒸汽压Vent 排放Water gas shift / WGS 水煤气变换aerosol propellant气溶胶喷射剂aftertreatment 后处理ammonia 氨Annual capacity factor年均利用率Annual capital charge rate 年均资本回收率aromatic 芳族化合物As-received收到基(煤)atmospheric pollution 大气污染Auto-ignition temperature自燃温度，自燃点biodiesel 生物柴油Biomass 生物质Blend 混和Boiling point沸点Capacity 容量capital intensity 资本强度Carbon emission 二氧化碳排放Carbon sequestration 埋存碳(二氧化碳)Carbon(CO2) capture and storage 回收并储存碳(二氧化碳) Catalyst 催化剂CBM 煤层气C-C bond 碳-碳化学键Cetane (number) 十六烷值Chemical feedstock 化工原料Chemicals 化工产品CNG 压缩天然气CO2 二氧化碳Coal (syngas) polygeneration 煤气化多联产Coal derived 煤基Coal mining 采煤Coal slurry 水煤浆coal steam-electric plant 火电厂Coalsteam plant with FGD 火力发电厂烟气脱硫Co-capture / Co-storage (或CC+CS) 联合回收/联合存储cold start 冷态启动Commercial scale 大规模、工业规模Compression-ignition engine or CIE 压燃式发动机Cool Water demonstration 冷水示范电厂Cooling water 冷却水coproduct 副产物Co-production 联产Cost estimate 成本估计Cracking catalyst 裂化催化剂Crude oil 原油DCL / Direct coal liquefaction 煤直接液化Dehydration of methanol 甲醇脱水反应Density 密度Desulfurization 脱硫diesel engine 柴油发动机Dimethyl ether or DME CH3OCH3 二甲醚Direct liquefaction technology 直接液化技术Disengagement zone 分离区electricity or power generation 发电Energy Mix 能源构成Equilibrium limit 化学平衡限制Equivalent 等价物ER for emission rate 排放率Externality 外部因素Financial cost 经济成本，财务成本Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or F-T 费脱合成Flammability limits 可燃极限FTL for F-T liquids 费脱合成液体燃料Fuel cycle 燃料循环Gasification 气化Gasoline 汽油Gas-phase reactor 气相反应器GHG emissions mitigation 减排温室气体Global warming 全球变暖Greenhouse gas or GHG 温室气体Grid 电网Grind 碾碎GTL for Gas To Liquids 气变油H2/CO ratio or H/C ratio 合成气中氢气/一氧化碳含量比，氢碳比H2S 硫化氢HC for hydrocarbon 烃，碳氢化合物HC fuel 烃类燃料Health cost 健康损害Heating 采暖heavy-duty 重型的Hybrid-electric 混合电能hydrogenation 加氢作用ICL for Indirect Coal Liquefaction 煤间接液化IGCC plant 整体煤气化联合循环电厂Installed capital cost 建设投资成本intellectual property 知识产权JV for joint venture 合资企业Life cycle 全生命周期Liquefaction 液化Liquid-phase 液相Liquid-phase reactor 液相反应器Location factor 区域因子LowEff Low efficiencyLower heat value 低位热值LPG 液化石油气Lube oil 润滑油methane 甲烷Methanol or MeOH CH3OH 甲醇middle distillate 中间馏份Mitigation 减少，减排Mtce 一种能量单位百万吨标煤NOx 氮氧化物noxious material 有害物质Off the shelf 现货供应One-through design 一次通过方式Operating &maintenance / O&M 运行维护Overnight 隔夜oxygenated fuel 氧化燃料Oxygen-blown gasification 氧吹气化Ozone 臭氧paraffin 石蜡Pilot plant scale 试验厂规模PM for particulate matter 颗粒物Poly-generation 多联产Poly-generation technology 多联产技术Power island 动力岛power sector 电力行业ppb level 十亿分率水平pressurized canister 加压罐Process configuration 工艺配置Process heat 工艺用热Production cost 生产成本Propane 丙烷public good 公共福利Purge gas 净化气体Quench 激冷Reaction conditions: P for pressure Tfor temperature 反应条件: P代表压力，T代表温度Recycle design 循环方式reduce 还原;减少refinery 炼油renewable energy 可再生能源residual 渣油Saturator 饱和器semi-refined 半精制的Single(or One)-pass conversion 一次通过的转化率Slurry 浆SO2 二氧化硫social cost 社会成本Soot 烟灰Spark-ignition engine 火花引燃式发动机Stand-alone 单独的Streamline 简化使有效率Sulfur 硫Syncrude 合成原油Syngas or synthesis gas 合成气Syngas park 合成气园Synthesis 合成Synthesis conversion 合成转化率synthesis reactor 合成反应器Synthetic fuel 合成燃料TI for Technical Infrastructure 技术基础设施toxic metal 有毒金属物Unreacted 未反应的USDOE 美国能源部Vapor pressure 蒸汽压Vent 排放Water gas shift / WGS 水煤气变换aerosol propellant 气溶胶喷射剂aftertreatment 后处理ammonia 氨Annual capacity factor 年均利用率Annual capital charge rate 年均资本回收率aromatic 芳族化合物As-received 收到基(煤)atmospheric pollution 大气污染Auto-ignition temperature 自燃温度，自燃点biodiesel 生物柴油Biomass 生物质Blend 混和Boiling point 沸点Capacity 容量capital intensity 资本强度Carbon balance 碳平衡Carbon emission 二氧化碳排放Carbon sequestration 埋存碳(二氧化碳)Carbon(CO2) capture and storage 回收并储存碳(二氧化碳) Catalyst 催化剂CBM 煤层气C-C bond 碳-碳化学键Cetane (number) 十六烷值Chemical feedstock 化工原料Chemicals 化工产品CNG 压缩天然气CO2 二氧化碳Coal (syngas) polygeneration 煤气化多联产Coal derived 煤基Coal mining 采煤Coal slurry 水煤浆coal steam-electric plant 火电厂Coalsteam plant with FGD 火力发电厂烟气脱硫Co-capture / Co-storage (或CC+CS) 联合回收/联合存储cold start 冷态启动Commercial scale 大规模、工业规模Compression-ignition engine or CIE 压燃式发动机Cool Water demonstration 冷水示范电厂Cooling water 冷却水coproduct 副产物Co-production 联产Cost estimate 成本估计Cracking catalyst 裂化催化剂Crude oil 原油DCL / Direct coal liquefaction 煤直接液化Dehydration of methanol 甲醇脱水反应Density 密度Desulfurization 脱硫diesel engine 柴油发动机Dimethyl ether or DME CH3OCH3 二甲醚Direct liquefaction technology 直接液化技术Disengagement zone 分离区electricity or power generation 发电Energy balance 能量平衡Energy Mix 能源构成Equilibrium limit 化学平衡限制Equivalent 等价物ER for emission rate 排放率Externality 外部因素Financial cost 经济成本，财务成本Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or F-T 费脱合成Flammability limits 可燃极限FTL for F-T liquids 费脱合成液体燃料Fuel cycle 燃料循环Gasification 气化Gasoline 汽油Gas-phase reactor 气相反应器GHG emissions mitigation 减排温室气体Global warming 全球变暖Greenhouse gas or GHG 温室气体Grid 电网Grind 碾碎GTL for Gas To Liquids 气变油H2/CO ratio or H/C ratio 合成气中氢气/一氧化碳含量比，氢碳比H2S 硫化氢HC for hydrocarbon 烃，碳氢化合物HC fuel 烃类燃料Health cost 健康损害Heating 采暖heavy-duty 重型的Hybrid-electric 混合电能hydrogenation 加氢作用ICL for Indirect Coal Liquefaction 煤间接液化IGCC plant 整体煤气化联合循环电厂Installed capital cost 建设投资成本intellectual property 知识产权JV for joint venture 合资企业Life cycle 全生命周期Liquefaction 液化Liquid-phase 液相Liquid-phase reactor 液相反应器Location factor 区域因子LowEff Low efficiencyLower heat value 低位热值LPG 液化石油气Lube oil 润滑油methane 甲烷Methanol or MeOH CH3OH 甲醇middle distillate 中间馏份Mitigation 减少，减排Mtce 一种能量单位百万吨标煤NOx 氮氧化物noxious material 有害物质Off the shelf 现货供应One-through design 一次通过方式Operating &maintenance / O&M 运行维护Overnight 隔夜oxygenated fuel 氧化燃料Oxygen-blown gasification 氧吹气化Ozone 臭氧paraffin 石蜡Pilot plant scale 试验厂规模PM for particulate matter 颗粒物Poly-generation 多联产Poly-generation technology 多联产技术Power island 动力岛power sector 电力行业ppb level 十亿分率水平pressurized canister 加压罐Process configuration 工艺配置Process heat 工艺用热Production cost 生产成本Propane 丙烷public good 公共福利Purge gas 净化气体Quench 冷Recycle design 循环方式reduce 还原;减少refinery 炼油renewable energy 可再生能源residual 渣油Saturator 饱和器semi-refined 半精制的Single(or One)-pass conversion 一次通过的转化率Slurry 浆SO2 二氧化硫social cost 社会成本Soot 烟灰Spark-ignition engine 火花引燃式发动机Stand-alone 单独的Streamline 简化使有效率Sulfur 硫Syncrude 合成原油Syngas or synthesis gas 合成气Syngas park 合成气园Synthesis 合成Synthesis conversion 合成转化率synthesis reactor 合成反应器Synthetic fuel 合成燃料TFESTTI for Technical Infrastructure 技术基础设施toxic metal 有毒金属物Unreacted 未反应的USDOE 美国能源部Vapor pressure 蒸汽压Vent 排放Water gas shift / WGS 水煤气变换China Coal Right Element For Chemical FirmsFor years China has been a magnet for the chemicals industry, attracting European and American companies with its cheap production costs and growing market.Now China has another attraction for the energy-intense chemical industry: vast supplies of coal that can replace oil and natural gas as raw materials for chemical production.In the last two years, China has built nearly 20 plants that convert coal into a gas that can be used to make such things as plastic and pharmaceuticals, according to the Gasification Technologies Council, an industry trade group. The new plants draw on technology developed by companies such as General Electric Co. and Royal Dutch Shell PLC. Now, Western chemical firms are getting in on the action. Celanese Corp. opened a plant this year that uses coal-based feedstock to make a chemical used in paints and food sweeteners. Dow Chemical Co. has partnered with Chinese energy company Shenhua Group Corp. to study a project to convert coal into plastics. Mining company Anglo American PLC is also looking at a coal-to-chemicals project. Suppliers to the chemical industry, such as Praxair Inc., are vying to open accounts with the new coal-to-chemical plants.'Coal to chemicals is an opportunity that's literally exploding [in China] right now,' says Timothy Vail, chief executive and president of Synthesis Energy Systems Inc., a company that builds coal-gasification plants. Launching their own coal-to-chemicals projects in China represents one way Western companies are fighting to keep their competitive edge. In the past decade, chemicals makers based in Europe and North America have lost market share to their counterparts in Asia, where demand for chemicals is rapidly growing.China's government, meanwhile, has orchestrated the buildup of the coal-to-chemicals industry in an effort to reduce the nation's growing dependence on imported natural gas. Using China's vast coal deposits to make chemicals and plastics provides a more reliable source of raw materials that can feed the expansion of China's main economic growth engine, its manufacturing sector. The new plants also replace older, soot-belching chemical factories that have earned the government a bad reputation for the pollution they create in Chinese cities.Gasification technology, which uses high temperatures and pressure to break the molecular bonds in coal to produce gases that can be recombined into a variety of fuels and chemicals, has existed for more than a century. Germany gasified coal to fuel its planes during World War II. China has made fertilizers through gasification for decades. But there had been little incentive for the global chemical industry to gasify coal until prices began soaring for natural gas and oil.North America has its own huge reserves of coal, sparking interest in gasification plants in that continent as well. But development has been slowed by concerns that the projects would contribute to growing emissions of the gases that cause global warming. Among fossil fuels, coal emits an especially large amount of carbon dioxide when being burned, and man-made carbon dioxide is one of the most prevalent gases that human activities are contributing to earth's rising temperatures. Gasifying coal to produce chemicals emits less carbon dioxide than does burning coal as fuel, but the process still ejects more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than using natural gas would produce, says Eric Larson, a research engineer at the Princeton Environmental Institute.The U.S. government doesn't yet limit nationwide the amount of global-warming emissions industry can release into the air. But the future prospect of such rules, along with coal's dirty reputation, has kept coal gasification from catching on in the U.S. on the same scale as it has in China, analysts say. 'There is a stigma about coal because of its historical environmental and safety concerns,' says Edward Glatzer, director of technology at Nexant Inc., a San Francisco-based consulting firm.Some of the Western companies planning to jump into the sector in China, including Dow Chemical, are considering ways to offset or store the global-warming emissions their projects will generate. One possibility -- a process that would inject carbon dioxide deep underground for storage -- is a largely untested technology that is likely to be very expensive. In the meantime, gasification projects are getting speedily green-lighted in China without concern over emissions.China is poised to surpass the U.S. as the No. 1 emitter of greenhouse gases in the world. Studies show that about one-fourth of China's global-warming emissions are released in the process of making the tennis shoes, toys, computers, shirts and other products that the country exports abroad.While the Chinese government agrees on the need to reduce carbon emissions, it prefers to achieve that through increased energy efficiency and by using more alternative energy. It has no plans to cap carbon emissions because it believes such a move would limit economic growth. Government officials have smoothed the way for gasification projects by fast-tracking permits and helping companies to secure capital, industry executives say. 'In anywhere between 24 to 32 months they have [plants] built and operating,' says John Lavelle, general manager of GE Energy's gasification business. 'It's pretty remarkable.'Cheap labor and minimal regulations mean coal-gasification plants in China can be built for about two-thirds to one-half the cost of a project in the U.S. or Europe. Coal-to-chemical plants built in the last two years have expanded Chinese capacity by 1,575 cubic feet of gas a day that can be used as chemical feedstocks, according to the Coal Gasification Council. The plants slated for construction in the next four years will double that capacity.Western companies involved in China's coal-to-chemical industry argue that coal gasification has the potential to be environmentally friendly. Because the gasification process separates out carbon dioxide, the global-warming gas can be more easily captured and stored once an affordable technology is developed. Dow, for example, says it is studying ways to sequester carbon dioxide -- or to offset its environmental impact by reducing emissions elsewhere through projects such as planting carbon-dioxide-consuming trees.Celanese says it is committed to controlling greenhouse-gas emissions in all its operations, reducing them by 30% from 2005 to 2010. 'Reducing emissions means you are more efficient,' says David Weidman, the company's CEO and also a member of the board for environmental group the Conservation Fund.Chinese companies aren't sweating the issue, say analysts at the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association. Only China's two biggest oil and chemical firms, the state-owned giant China Petroleum & Chemical Corp., known as Sinopec, and China National Petroleum Corp., parent of the listed PetroChina, are studying how to store carbon emissions.多年来中国对化学工业来说一直是一块“磁石”，其低廉的生产成本和不断扩大的市场吸引了众多欧美公司。