2. Alliteration:The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry..10. Anapest抑抑扬: It’s made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllables, with the two unstressed ones in front.12 Antithesis:(a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.17.Assonance(半韵, 半谐音元音相同而辅音不同的韵, 如late与make): The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.19. Autobiography(自传；自传文学): A person’s account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection.21.Ballad stanza （民谣体诗节）: A type of four-line stanza. The first and third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses. Ballad meter is usually iambic. The number of unstressed syllables in each line may vary. The second and fourth lines rhyme.29.Classicism（古典主义）: A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionallyopposed to Romanticism, whichis concerned with emotions andpersonal themes.32. Conceit（奇喻，妙喻）: A kind of metaphorthat makes a comparison betweentwo startlingly different things. Aconceit may be a brief metaphor,but it usually provides theframework for an entire poem. Anespecially unusual and intellectualkind of conceit is themetaphysical conceit.35.Consonance: The repetition ofsimilar consonant sounds in themiddle or at the end of words.36.Couplet（双行体、双偶体）: Twoconsecutive（[kən'sekjutiv] 连续不断的；连贯的）lines of poetrythat rhyme. A heroic couplet is aniambic pentameter couplet.37Critical Realism:The criticalrealism of the 19th centuryflourished in the fouties and in thebeginning of fifties. The realistsfirst and foremost set themselvesthe task of criticizing capitalistsociety from a democraticviewpoint and delineated thecrying contradictions of bourgeoisreality. But they did not find away to eradicate（根除，根绝；消灭）social evils.42. Diction（措词）: A writer’s choice of words,particularly for clarity,effectiveness, and precision.47.Enlightenment（启蒙主义）:With the advent of the 18thcentury, in England, as in otherEuropean countries, there spranginto life a public movementknown as the Enlightenment. TheEnlightenment on the whole, wasan expression of struggle of thethen progressive class ofbourgeois against feudalism. Theinequality, stagnation, prejudicesand other survivals of feudalism.The attempt to place all branchesof science at the service ofmankind by connecting them withthe actual deeds and requirementsof the people.48Epic（史诗）: Along narrative poem telling aboutthe deeds of a great hero andreflecting the values of the societyfrom which it originated. Manyepics were drawn from an oraltradition and were transmitted bysong and recitation before theywere written down.65.Foot（音步）: It is a rhythmic unit, aspecific combination of stressedand unstressed syllables.67.FreeVerse（自由诗：不受格律约束的）: V erse that has either nometrical pattern or an irregularpattern.69. Iamb（抑扬格）: It isthe most commonly used foot inEnglish poetry, in which anunstressed syllable comes first,followed by a stressed syllable.70.Iambic pentameter（抑扬格五音步）: A poetic line consisting offive verse feet, with each foot aniamb—that is, an unstressedsyllable followed by a stressedsyllable. Iambic pentameter is themost common verse line inEnglish poetry.71. Image（意象）:We usually think with words,many of our thoughts come to usas pictures or imagined sensationsin our mind. Such imaginedpictures or sensations are calledimages.73.Imagism（意象派：1912年前后源于英美，主张主题和形式摆脱因袭之风）: It’s apoetic movement of England andthe U.S. flourished from 1909 to1917.The movement insists on thecreation of images in poetry by“the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell. Lost Generation（迷惘的一代）: This term has been used again and again to describe the people of the postwar years. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semi poverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world. The young English and American expatriates, men and women, were caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. They wandered pointlessly and restlessly, enjoying things like fishing, swimming, bullfight and beauties of nature, but they were aware all the while that the world is crazy and meaningless and futile. Their whole life is undercut and defeated.Meter（韵律）: A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry.Metonymy: A figure of speech in which something very closely associated with a thing is used to stand for or suggest the thing itself.Myth:A story, often about immortals and sometimes connected with religious rituals, that is intended to give meaning to the mysteries of the world. Myths make it possible for people to understand and deal with things that they cannot control and often cannot see. A body of relatedmyths that is accepted by a peopleis known as its mythology. Amythology tells a people what itis most concerned about.Narrative poem（叙事诗）:Apoem that tells a story. One kindof narrative poem is the epic, along poem that sets forth theheroic ideals of a particularsociety.Onomatopoeia:The useof a word whose sound in somedegree imitates or suggests itsmeaning.Oxymoron:a figure ofspeech that combines opposite orcontradictory ideas or terms. Anoxymoron suggests a paradox, butit does so very briefly, usually intwo or three words.Paradox: Astatement that reveals a kind oftruth, although it seems at first tobe self-contradictory anduntrue.Parallelism:(a figure ofspeech) The use of phrases,clauses, or sentences that aresimilar or complementary instructure or in meaning.Parallelism is a form ofrepetition.Poetry: The mostdistinctive characteristic of poetryis form and music. Poetry isconcerned with not only what issaid but how it is said. Poetryevokes emotions rather thanexpress facts. Poetry meanshaving a poetic experience.Imagination is also an essentialquality of poetry. Poetry oftenleads us to new perceptions, newfeelings and experiences of whichwe have not previously beenaware.Psychological Realism（心理现实主义）: It is the realisticwriting that probes deeply into thecomplexities of characters’thoughts and motivations. HenryJames is considered the founderof psychological realism. Hisnovel The Ambassadors isconsidered to be a masterpiece ofpsychological realism.Realism（现实主义）: The attempt inliterature and art to represent lifeas it really is, withoutsentimentalizing or idealizing it.Realistic writing often depicts theeveryday life and speech ofordinary people. This has led,sometimes, to an emphasis onsordid details.Rhythm（节奏；韵律）: It is one of the three basicelements of traditional poetry. It isthe arrangement of stressed andunstressed syllables into a pattern.Rhythm often gives a poem adistinct musical quality. Poetsalso use rhythm to echomeaning.Sonnet（十四行诗；商籁体）: A fourteen-line lyric poem,usually written in rhymed iambicpentameter. A sonnet generallyexpresses a single theme oridea.Stanza（诗节）: It’s astructural division of a poem,consisting of a series of verselines which usually comprise arecurring pattern of meter andthyme.2. Alliteration:The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry..10. Anapest抑抑扬: It’s made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllables, with the two unstressed ones in front.12 Antithesis:(a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.17.Assonance(半韵, 半谐音元音相同而辅音不同的韵, 如late与make): The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.19. Autobiography(自传；自传文学): A person’s account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection.21.Ballad stanza （民谣体诗节）: A type of four-line stanza. The first and third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses. Ballad meter is usually iambic. The number of unstressed syllables in each line may vary. The second and fourth lines rhyme.29.Classicism（古典主义）: A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.32. Conceit（奇喻，妙喻）: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.35. Consonance: The repetition of similar consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words.36. Couplet（双行体、双偶体）: Two consecutive（[kən'sekjutiv] 连续不断的；连贯的）lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.37 Critical Realism:The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate（根除，根绝；消灭）social evils.42. Diction（措词）: A writer’s choice of words, particularly for clarity, effectiveness, and precision.47. Enlightenment（启蒙主义）: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class ofbourgeois against feudalism. The inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. The attempt to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.48Epic（史诗）: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.65.Foot（音步）: It is a rhythmic unit, a specific combination of stressed and unstressed syllables.67.Free Verse（自由诗：不受格律约束的）: V erse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.69. Iamb（抑扬格）: It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.70. Iambic pentameter（抑扬格五音步）: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb—that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.71. Image（意象）: We usually think with words, many of our thoughts come to us as pictures or imagined sensations in our mind. Such imagined pictures or sensations are called images.73.Imagism（意象派：1912年前后源于英美，主张主题和形式摆脱因袭之风）: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by“the direct treatment of the thing”and the economy of wording. Theleaders of this movement wereEzra Pound and Amy Lowell.Lost Generation（迷惘的一代）:This term has been used againand again to describe the peopleof the postwar years. It describesthe Americans who remained inParis as a colony of “expatriates”or exiles. It describes the writerslike Hemingway who lived insemi poverty. It describes theAmericans who returned to theirnative land with an intenseawareness of living in anunfamiliar changing world. Theyoung English and Americanexpatriates, men and women,were caught in the war and cut offfrom the old values and yetunable to come to terms with thenew era when civilization hadgone mad. They wanderedpointlessly and restlessly,enjoying things like fishing,swimming, bullfight and beautiesof nature, but they were aware allthe while that the world is crazyand meaningless and futile. Theirwhole life is undercut anddefeated.Meter（韵律）: Agenerally regular pattern ofstressed and unstressed syllablesin poetry.Metonymy: A figure ofspeech in which something veryclosely associated with a thing isused to stand for or suggest thething itself.Myth:A story, oftenabout immortals and sometimesconnected with religious rituals,that is intended to give meaningto the mysteries of the world.Myths make it possible for peopleto understand and deal with thingsthat they cannot control and oftencannot see. A body of relatedmyths that is accepted by a peopleis known as its mythology. Amythology tells a people what itis most concerned about.Narrative poem（叙事诗）:Apoem that tells a story. One kindof narrative poem is the epic, along poem that sets forth theheroic ideals of a particularsociety.Onomatopoeia:The useof a word whose sound in somedegree imitates or suggests itsmeaning.Oxymoron:a figure ofspeech that combines opposite orcontradictory ideas or terms. Anoxymoron suggests a paradox, butit does so very briefly, usually intwo or three words.Paradox: Astatement that reveals a kind oftruth, although it seems at first tobe self-contradictory anduntrue.Parallelism:(a figure ofspeech) The use of phrases,clauses, or sentences that aresimilar or complementary instructure or in meaning.Parallelism is a form ofrepetition.Poetry: The mostdistinctive characteristic of poetryis form and music. Poetry isconcerned with not only what issaid but how it is said. Poetryevokes emotions rather thanexpress facts. Poetry meanshaving a poetic experience.Imagination is also an essentialquality of poetry. Poetry oftenleads us to new perceptions, newfeelings and experiences of whichwe have not previously beenaware.Psychological Realism（心理现实主义）: It is the realisticwriting that probes deeply into thecomplexities of characters’thoughts and motivations. Henry James is considered the founderof psychological realism. His novel The Ambassadors is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism.Realism （现实主义）: The attempt in literature and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes, to an emphasis on sordid details.Rhythm（节奏；韵律）: It is one of the three basic elements of traditional poetry. It is the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern. Rhythm often gives a poem a distinct musical quality. Poets also use rhythm to echo meaning.Sonnet（十四行诗；商籁体）: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Stanza（诗节）: It’s a structural division of a poem, consisting of a series of verse lines which usually comprise a recurring pattern of meter and thyme.2. Alliteration:The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry..10. Anapest抑抑扬: It’s made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllables, with the two unstressed ones in front.12 Antithesis:(a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.17.Assonance(半韵, 半谐音元音相同而辅音不同的韵, 如late与make): The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.19. Autobiography(自传；自传文学): A person’s account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection.21.Ballad stanza （民谣体诗节）: A type of four-line stanza. The first and third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses. Ballad meter is usually iambic. The number of unstressed syllables in each line may vary. The second and fourth lines rhyme.29.Classicism（古典主义）: A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity,balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.32. Conceit（奇喻，妙喻）: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.35. Consonance: The repetition of similar consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words.36. Couplet（双行体、双偶体）: Two consecutive（[kən'sekjutiv] 连续不断的；连贯的）lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.37 Critical Realism:The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate（根除，根绝；消灭）social evils.42. Diction（措词）: A writer’s choice of words, particularly for clarity, effectiveness, and precision.47. Enlightenment（启蒙主义）: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class ofbourgeois against feudalism. Theinequality, stagnation, prejudicesand other survivals of feudalism.The attempt to place all branchesof science at the service ofmankind by connecting them withthe actual deeds and requirementsof the people.48Epic（史诗）: Along narrative poem telling aboutthe deeds of a great hero andreflecting the values of the societyfrom which it originated. Manyepics were drawn from an oraltradition and were transmitted bysong and recitation before theywere written down.65.Foot（音步）: It is a rhythmic unit, aspecific combination of stressedand unstressed syllables.67.FreeVerse（自由诗：不受格律约束的）: V erse that has either nometrical pattern or an irregularpattern.69. Iamb（抑扬格）: It isthe most commonly used foot inEnglish poetry, in which anunstressed syllable comes first,followed by a stressed syllable.70.Iambic pentameter（抑扬格五音步）: A poetic line consisting offive verse feet, with each foot aniamb—that is, an unstressedsyllable followed by a stressedsyllable. Iambic pentameter is themost common verse line inEnglish poetry.71. Image（意象）:We usually think with words,many of our thoughts come to usas pictures or imagined sensationsin our mind. Such imaginedpictures or sensations are calledimages.73.Imagism（意象派：1912年前后源于英美，主张主题和形式摆脱因袭之风）: It’s apoetic movement of England andthe U.S. flourished from 1909 to1917.The movement insists on thecreation of images in poetry by“the direct treatment of the thing”and the economy of wording. Theleaders of this movement wereEzra Pound and Amy Lowell.Lost Generation（迷惘的一代）:This term has been used againand again to describe the peopleof the postwar years. It describesthe Americans who remained inParis as a colony of “expatriates”or exiles. It describes the writerslike Hemingway who lived insemi poverty. It describes theAmericans who returned to theirnative land with an intenseawareness of living in anunfamiliar changing world. Theyoung English and Americanexpatriates, men and women,were caught in the war and cut offfrom the old values and yetunable to come to terms with thenew era when civilization hadgone mad. They wanderedpointlessly and restlessly,enjoying things like fishing,swimming, bullfight and beautiesof nature, but they were aware allthe while that the world is crazyand meaningless and futile. Theirwhole life is undercut anddefeated.Meter（韵律）: Agenerally regular pattern ofstressed and unstressed syllablesin poetry.Metonymy: A figure ofspeech in which something veryclosely associated with a thing isused to stand for or suggest thething itself.Myth:A story, oftenabout immortals and sometimesconnected with religious rituals,that is intended to give meaningto the mysteries of the world.Myths make it possible for peopleto understand and deal with things that they cannot control and often cannot see. A body of related myths that is accepted by a people is known as its mythology. A mythology tells a people what it is most concerned about. Narrative poem（叙事诗）:A poem that tells a story. One kind of narrative poem is the epic, a long poem that sets forth the heroic ideals of a particular society.Onomatopoeia:The use of a word whose sound in some degree imitates or suggests its meaning.Oxymoron:a figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory ideas or terms. An oxymoron suggests a paradox, but it does so very briefly, usually in two or three words.Paradox: A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self-contradictory and untrue.Parallelism:(a figure of speech) The use of phrases, clauses, or sentences that are similar or complementary in structure or in meaning. Parallelism is a form of repetition.Poetry: The most distinctive characteristic of poetry is form and music. Poetry is concerned with not only what is said but how it is said. Poetry evokes emotions rather than express facts. Poetry means having a poetic experience. Imagination is also an essential quality of poetry. Poetry often leads us to new perceptions, new feelings and experiences of which we have not previously been aware.Psychological Realism（心理现实主义）: It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’ thoughts and motivations. Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. His novel The Ambassadors is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism.Realism （现实主义）: The attempt in literature and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes, to an emphasis on sordid details.Rhythm（节奏；韵律）: It is one of the three basic elements of traditional poetry. It is the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern. Rhythm often gives a poem a distinct musical quality. Poets also use rhythm to echo meaning.Sonnet（十四行诗；商籁体）: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Stanza（诗节）: It’s a structural division of a poem, consisting of a series of verse lines which usually comprise a recurring pattern of meter and thyme.。