文学术语复习1. sonnet十四行诗,商籁诗type of poem containing 14 lines, each of 10 syllables, and with a formal pattern of rhymes2. tragedy 悲剧A drama or similar work, in which the main character is brought to ruin or otherwise suffers the extreme consequences of some tragic flaw or weakness of character；Play, novel or other narrative, depicting serious and important events, in which the main character (usually a good and noble person of high rank) comes to an unhappy end.3. neo-classicism新古典主义A mid 18th Century art movement started in Rome and aimed at recreating the art of ancient Greece and Rome. It was a reaction to the excesses of Baroque and Rococo and part of a Classical revival that prevailed into the 19th Century.4. realism 现实主义The nineteenth- century literary movement that reacted to romanticism by insisting on a faithful, objective presentation of the details of everyday life. Also regarded as the style of art and literature in which things, especially unpleasant things, are shown or described as they really are in life5. Renaissance 文艺复兴(period of the) revival of art and literature in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, based on classical forms. The term originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism, being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. The study and propagation of classical learning and art was carried o n by the progressive thinkers of the humanists. They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas6. free verse自由诗体A poetic form divided into lines of no particular length or meter, without a rhyme scheme Also called open form poetry, free verse refers to poems characterized by their nonconformity to established patterns of meter, rhyme, and stanza. Free verse uses elements such as speech patterns, grammar, emphasis, and breath pauses to decide line breaks, and usually does not rhyme.7. imagism（意象派）：it was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation.8. Local Colorism（地方色彩）was a literary trend belonging to Realism. It refers to the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region. After the Civil War a number of American writers exploited the literary possibilities of local color in various parts of America. The most famous representative of local colorism should be Mark Twain who took his hometown near the Mississippi as the typical setting of nearly all his novels.9. epic（史诗）: A long narrative poem, elevated and dignified in theme, tone, and style, celebrating heroic deeds and historically (at times cosmically) important events; usually focuses on the adventures of a hero who has qualities that are superhuman or divine and on whose fate very often depends the destiny of a tribe, a nation, or even the whole of the human race.10. Puritanism：清教主义is behavior or beliefs that are based on strict moral or religious principles, especially the principle that people should avoid physical pleasures，advocating formore "purity" of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety.11. tragic flaw: 悲剧性缺陷the principal defect in character or judgment that leads to the downfall of the tragic hero. In a tragedy, the quality within the hero or heroine which leads to his or her downfall. Examples of the tragic flaw include Othello's jealousy and Hamlet's indecisiveness, although most great tragedies defy such simple interpretation.12. heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. Or two lines of poetry one after the other that RHYME and usually contain ten syllables and five stresses13. stream of consciousness意识流a continuous flow of ideas, thoughts, and feelings, as they are experienced by a person; a style of writing that expresses this without using the usual methods of description and conversation: Virginia Woolf's use of stream of consciousness in her novel 'Mrs. Dalloway'。