8.2考研真题与典型题详解I.Multiple Choice1.When was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)founded?（北二外2008研）A.In1955.B.In1945.C.In1948.D.In1949【答案】D【解析】北大西洋公约组织（北约）成立于1949年，是美国与西欧、北美主要发达国家建立的国际军事集团。

2.All of the following play a part in formulating and carrying out the government’s foreign policy decisions except______.A.the Prime Minister and CabinetB.The Foreign and Commonwealth Office(FCO)C.the Ministry of DefenseD.the Treasury【答案】D【解析】D项财政部决定各部门得到多少财政预算，并不直接参与政府外交政策的制定。

A 项首相和其带领的内阁，B项外交部，C项国防部均参与外交政策的制定。

3.The goals of the current Commonwealth include______.A.working towards peace through the United NationsB.promoting personal freedom and racial equality and opposition to colonial dominationC.reducing the gap between wealthy and poor segments of humanityD.all of the above【答案】D【解析】英联邦是一个松散的、政治经济磋商和合作组织，旨在促进和平和自由、反对殖民主义、消除联邦成员国的贫富差距，故A项、B项、C项均符合题意。

Ⅱ.Fill in the blanks.1.After World WarⅡ,the first two colonies of the old British Empire that became free were______and______.（首都师范大学2008研）【答案】Jordan；India【解析】二战后，英属殖民地中约旦和印度最先获得独立。

2.The United Kingdom has been a member of______since1973.【答案】European Union【解析】英国于1973年加入欧盟，欧盟总部设在比利时首都布鲁塞尔，是一个集政治实体和经济实体于一身、在世界上具有重要影响的区域一体化组织。

如今欧盟有27个成员国。

3.In1945,Britain became a permanent member of the______.【答案】Security Council of the United Nations【解析】安理会由5个常任理事国和10个非常任理事国组成。

5个常任理事国是中国、法国、俄罗斯、英国、美国。

其中英国1945年成为常任理事国。

Ⅲ.Explain the item.1.The Commonwealth（北二外2010研）【答案】The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states made up mostly of former British colonies.It was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.There are53members(2010)of the Commonwealth: many of these are developing countries like India;others are developed nations like Canada and New Zealand.IV.Answer the questions.1.Britain is said to be“an awkward partner”in the European Union by some ment and give your reasons.（北外2006研）【答案】Britain has always been regarded as an awkward partner in the EU,because it is often at odds with its partners.However,the membership in the European Union is of significance to Britain in the daily running of its affairs.After three times of application,Britain eventually joined the European Economic Community in1973. This was an important psychological decision for the country because traditionallyBritain had looked beyond its European neighborhoods,feeling that it had more in common with the US and the Commonwealth.But in reality,British economic, political and military interests were already deeply bound up with other European countries.Through its involvement in NATO,Britain was committed to European defense cooperation.Although the US was an important trade partner,so were Western European countries.Today,Britain’s participation in the European Union remains controversial.Britain doesn’t have a harmonious relationship with the EU.At the centre of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear what the European Union is and what it will become.On the one hand,the UK has always been very interested in supporting free trade between nations and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.On the other hand,the UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.The UK likes to think of the EU as a place where economic cooperation is possible.It is less certain about the possibility of the EU becoming a federal “super-state”where national governments have their powers reduced,becoming provinces subservient to a kind of European federal government.Because there are many controversies between Britain and its European partners about the future of the EU,looking from outside Britain is“an awkward partner”which seems not really committed to Europe.Britain,while often at the centre of policy controversies with its fellow EU partners,is nevertheless deeply committed to it.Even though Britain has had to accept some EU policies which they do notentirely agree with,they are team members and abide by the rules.2.Analyze and assess how the end of British imperialism influenced the making of Britain’s foreign policy.（北外2004研）【答案】One of the most important single factors that have influenced British policy-makers is its history.The contemporary foreign policy of Britain has been influenced greatly by its imperial history.Since Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in international affairs.Historians hold that the British foreign policy-makers retain very conservative and traditional views of Britain's role as a world power.One instance was the controversial and expensive decision for Britain to build and maintain its own independent nuclear weapons capability to make sure that it would remain superior to most other countries in terms of military capability.Other signs of foreign policy conservatism are in the continued debate over how much national sovereignty Britain should relinquish to the European Union.The UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.3.Explain and analyze Britain’s foreign policy principles after World WarⅡ.（北外2009研）【答案】Its foreign policy is largely shaped by its participation in a number of importantinternational institutions.More important to Britain in the day to day running of its affairs is its membership in the EU.Britain joined the European Economic Community in1973,which is now called the EU.Britain’s participation in the EU remains controversial.At the center of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear about what the EU is and what it will become.The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.Britain likes to regard the EU as a place where economic cooperation is possible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible.But Britain has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.The British foreign policy is also affected by its relationship with the United States. During World War Two,the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar years,because they had many things in common about the past and the world situation.Even today,British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects.However,Britain’s special relationship with the United States has gone through many ups and downs.The British are beginning to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States.What’s more,the contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy makers is its history.Because British lost its empire so recently,British policy makers frequently forget that Britain is not as。