《给水排水专业英语》Lesson 1specific yield [spə'sifik] [ji:ld] 单位产水量mass curve 累积曲线capital investment 投资recurring natural event ['nætʃərəl] 重现历史事件subterranean [sʌbtə'reiniən] 地下的groundwater 地下水surface water 地表水tap [tæp]开关、龙头；在…上开空（导出液体）swampland ['swɔmplænd] n. 沼泽地；沼泽地带capillary [kə'piləri] n. 毛细管 adj. 毛状的,毛细管的hygro- [词头] 湿（气），液体hygroscopic [,haigrəu'skɔpik] adj. 易湿的，吸湿的hygroscopic moisture 吸湿水stratum ['streitəm] n. [地质学]地层，[生物学]（组织的）层aquifer ['ækwəfə] ['ækwifə] n.含水层，地下蓄水层saturation [,sætʃə'reiʃən] n.饱和 (状态)，浸润，浸透，饱和度hydrostatic [,haidrəu'stætik] adj. 静水力学的, 流体静力学的hydrostatic pressure 静水压力water table 1. 地下水位，地下水面，潜水面2. 【建筑学】泻水台；承雨线脚；飞檐；马路边沟[亦作 water-table] Phreatic surface [fri(:)'ætik]地下水（静止）水位，浅层地下水面Superficial [sju:pə'fiʃəl] adj. 表面的,表观的，浅薄的Porosity [pɔ:'rɔsiti] n. 多孔性,有孔性,孔隙率Unconfined ['ʌnkən'faind] adj. 无约束的，无限制的Permeability [,pə:miə'biliti] n. 弥漫, 渗透 , 渗透性Permeameter [pə:mi'æmitə] n.渗透仪,渗透性试验仪)Clay [klei] n. 粘土，泥土gravel ['ɡrævəl] n.[总称]砾，沙砾，小石；砾石cone of depression [kəun] 下降漏斗, [水文学]下降锥体drawdown ['drɔ:daun] n. 水位下降(降落,消耗,减少)integrate ['intigreit] 【数学】作积分运算；求积分observation well [,əbzə:'veiʃən] 观测井，观测孔extraction [ik'strækʃən] n. 抽出，取出，提取（法），萃取（法）derivation [deri'veiʃən] n. 1. 导出，引(伸)出，来历，出处，得出，得到；诱导，推论，推理；溯源【数学】 1) (定理的)求导，推导 2) 微商，微分，导数【语言】词源，衍生deplete [di'pli:t] v. 耗尽, 使...衰竭refuse [ri'fju:z] n. 废物,垃圾vt. 拒绝，谢绝dump [dʌmp] n. 垃圾场，垃圾堆，堆存处vt. 倾卸，倾倒(垃圾)unconfined aquifer 潜水含水层，非承压含水层，无压含水层confined aquifer 自流含水层，承压含水层homogeneous [,hɔməu'dʒi:njəs] adj. 同类的,相似的，均匀的，均相的；同种类的，同性质的；相同特征的Aquaclude 不透水层，难渗透水的地层Offset ['ɔ:fset] n.偏移量抵销，弥补，分支，胶印，平版印刷，支管，乙字管Vt. 弥补,抵销,用平版印刷vi. 偏移，形成分支sophisticated [sə'fistikeitid] adj. 复杂的，需要专门技术的；诡辩的,久经世故的equilibrium [,i:kwi'libriəm] n. 平衡,均衡Water Supply（给水工程）A supply of water is critical to the survival of life, as we know it.（众所周知，水对生命的生存至关重要。

） People need water to drink, animals need water to drink, and plants need water to drink. （人需要水，动物需要水，植物需要水）The basic functions of society require water:（社会的基本功能需要水：）cleaning for public health（公共卫生设施的冲洗）, consumption for industrial processes（工业生产过程耗水）, and cooling for electrical generation（电能生产过程的冷却）. In this lesson, we discuss water supply in terms of:（在这里，我们从两方面讨论水的供给：）1. Groundwater supplies（地下水供给）2. Surface water supplies（地表水供给）Groundwater is an important direct source of supply that is tapped by wells （地下水是通过打井而得到的重要直接供水水源）,as well as a significant indirect source since surface streams are often supplied by subterranean water.（也是有意义的间接供水水源，因为地表水会经常得到地下水的补给）Near the surface of the earth（靠近地表）, in the zone of aeration（在通气层内）, soil pore spaces contain both air and water（土壤颗粒间隙同时包含空气和水）. This zone, which may have zero thickness in swamplands and be several hundred feet thick in mountainous regions, contains three types of moisture （这一地层，其厚度在沼泽地可能为零，在山区则可能厚达数百英尺，蕴涵三种类型的湿气）. After a storm, gravity water is in transit through the larger soil pore spaces（暴雨之后，水在重力的作用下透过土壤中较大的颗粒间隙）. Capillary water is drawn through small pore spaces by capillary action and is available for plant uptake（在较小土壤颗粒缝隙中的水则由于毛细管作用上升而被植物吸收）. Hygroscopic moisture is held in place by molecular forces during all except the driest climatic conditions （在不是最干燥的气候条件下，土壤湿气中的水蒸汽分子会因为分子间引力—范氏力而被土壤稳定下来）. Moisture, from the zone of aeration cannot be tapped as a water supply source（地表通气层的湿气不能通过凿井方式作为供水水源）.In the zone of saturation, located below the zone of aeration（位于通气层以下的饱和层）, the soil pores are filled with water（土壤间隙中充满着水）, and this is what we call groundwater（这些水就是通常所称的地下水）. A stratum that contains a substantial（充实的） amount of groundwater is called an aquifer （包含大量地下水的地层称为含水层）. At the surface between the two zones（通气层和含水层相邻的边界）, called the water table or phreatic surface（称为水位线或浅层地下水面）, the hydrostatic pressure in the groundwater is eaual to the atmospheric pressure（地下水静压力与大气压力相等）. An aquifer may extend to great depths（含水层可达相当深度）, but because the weight of overburden material generally closes pore spaces（但因为过多的地层压力会压缩土壤间隙）, little water is found at depths greater than 600m(2000ft)（深度超过600m，即2000英寸，就基本找不到地下水了）. The amount of water that willdrain freely from an aquifer is known as specific yield（若向含水层掘井，能够自由出流的水量称为单位产水量）.The flow of water out of a soil can be illustrated using Figure 1（从土壤中流动的水如图1所示）. The flow rate must be proportional to the area through which flow occurs times the velocity（流量与流水面积和速率成正比）, orQ=AvWhere（此式中）Q=flow rate , in m3/sec（流量，单位为m3/s）A=area of porous material through which flow occurs, in m2（渗透性土壤的流水断面，单位为m2）v=superficial velocity, in m/sec（表征流速，单位为m/s）The superficial velocity is of course not the actual velocity of the water in the soil（表征流速当然不是水在土壤中流动的真实速度）, since the volume occupied by the soil solid particles greatly reduces the available area for flow（因为土壤颗粒粒径极大地降低了水流通过的空间）. If a is the area available for flow, then（如果a代表水的流经断面面积，那么）Q=Av=av＇Where（此式中）v＇=actual velocity of water flowing through the soil（水流在土壤中的真实流速）a=area available for flow（水的流经断面面积）Solving for v＇,（求解v＇）v＇=Av/aIf a sample of soil is of some length L, then（如果土壤样品具有一定长度）v＇=Av/a=AvL/(aL)=v/porosity（v/孔隙率）since the total volume of the soil sample is AL and the volume occupied by the water is aL.（因为总的土壤样品体积为AL，实际的水流动空间则为aL）Water flowing through the soil at a velocity v＇loses energy（水在以v＇速度流动的过程中会损失能量）, just as water flowing through a pipeline or an open channel does（这个道理与水在管道或明渠中流动是一样的）. This energy loss per distance traveled is defined as（单位长度的水头损失定义为）energy lose（水头损失）=△h/△LWhere（此式中） h=energy, measured as elevation of the water table in an unconfined aquifer or as pressure in a confined aquifer, in m（水头，在非承压含水层中，即水位线；在承压含水层中，即压力；单位为m）L=horizontal distance in direction of flow, in m（流水在水平方面上的长度，m）The symbol(delta) simply means “a change in,” as in “a change in length, L.” （符号△表示在某一长度方向上出现的一种变化）Thus this equation means that there is a change(loss) of energy, h, as water flows through the soil some distance, L.（这个公式表示的是随着水在土壤间隙中的流动距离L，出现能量上的变化h）In an unconfined aquifer（在非承压含水层）, the drop in the elevation of the water table with distance is the slope of the water table in the direction of flow（沿流动距离下降的水头是一个沿水流方向的水位斜坡）. The elevation of the water surface is the potential energy of the water（水位线的高度表示着水的势能）, and water flows from a higher elevation to a lower elevation（水总是从高处流向低处）, losing energy along the way（沿程损失能量）. Flow through a porous medium such as soil is related to the energy loss using the Darcy equation（水在类似于土壤的多孔性介质中流动时的水头损失按达西公式计算）Q=KA(△h/△L)Where（上式中）K=coefficient of permeability, in m/day（渗透系数，单位为m/d）A=cross-sectional area, in m2（过流断面面积，单位为m2）The Darcy equation makes intuitive sense（达西公式给人带来的直观感觉是）, in that the flow rate (Q) increases with increasing area (A) through which the flow occurs and with the drop in pressure, △h/△L （在一定的水量和压力降条件下，过流面积越大，出水流量就越大）. The greater the driving force ( the difference in upstream and downstream pressures), the greater the flow（驱动水的压力差越大[指上下含水层间的不同水压]，水的流量越大）. The factor, K（系数K）, is the coefficient of permeability（指渗透性系数）, an indirect measure of the ability of a soil sample to transmit water（土壤样品的透水能力间接指标）, can be measured by a permeameter shown in Figure 2（能够通过图2所示的渗透测试仪测得）; it varies dramatically for different soils（不同土壤的渗透系数相差很大）, ranging from about 0.005m/day for clay （粘土仅0.005m/d）to over 5000m/day for gravel（砾石则超过5000m/d）. The coefficient of permeability is measured commonly in the laboratory using permeameters（渗透系数一般在实验室通过渗透测试仪测得）, which consist of a soil sample through which a fluid such as water is forced（渗透测试仪含有一些土壤样品，水在压力作用下通过它们）. The flow rate is measured for a given driving force (difference inpressures) through a known area of soil sample（在已知的过流断面面积下，测定不同驱动压力下水的流量）, and the permeability calculated（然后通过计算得到渗透系数K）.Lesson 2drainage ditch ['dreinidʒ] 排水沟shambles ['ʃæmblz] 肉店，屠宰场，混乱的地方synonym ['sinənim] n. 同义词discard [dis'kɑ:d; 'diskɑ:d]丢弃，抛弃，放弃excrement ['ekskrimənt] n. 排泄物,粪便sewer ['sjuə; 'su:ə] n. 下水道，污水管，阴沟；. 缝纫工具(如缝纫机、针线等)；缝纫者storm sewer 雨水管water closet ['klɔzit] 盥洗室，厕所sanitary waste ['sænitəri] 生活废水combined sewer 合流制下水道sanitary adj.1. 关于健康的；卫生的，清洁的2. 关于卫生的；公共卫生的3. 提供健康的，提供卫生的n. 公共厕所sanitary sewer 生活污水管道separated sewer 分流制下水道sewerage ['sjuəridʒ] 排水工程 n. 1. 排污，污水处理2. 下水道系统，排污系统；下水工程，污水工程3. 污水，污物4. 脏话，下流话；肮脏的想法easement ['i:zmənt] n. 缓和,减轻,方便; 地役权perforated ['pə:fəreit] 穿孔的；凿孔的creek [kri:k] 小溪，小河，小湾，小港layout 规划，设计，布局图，版面设计sewerage system 排水工程，排水系统conduit ['kɔndit] n. 管道，导管,水管,沟渠；泉水，喷泉（英音：['kɔndit]美音：['kɑnduɪt]）terrain ['terein] n. 地带,地域,地形collecting sewer 污水支管interceptor sewer [intə'septə(r)] 截流管道，污水[管]截砂阱force main 压力干管cement [si'ment] 水泥outage ['autidʒ] 停机,断电mi [mi:] 英里，大音阶的第三音auxiliary [ɔ:g'ziljəri] 辅助的，补助的brickwork ['brikwə:k] n. 砌砖domestic wastewater [də'mestik] 生活废水，家庭污水brainchild 指计划、想法、创作等脑力劳动的创造物euphemism ['ju:fimizəm] n. 婉言,委婉的说法sink [siŋk] 洗涤盆，污水池，接收器decree [di'kri:] n. 政令，法令 v. 颁布manhole ['mænhəul] n.(下水道，排水沟，锅炉等可容人进去检修的)检修孔，检修井，人孔seep [si:p] v. 渗出；渗漏cracking ['krækiŋ] n. 破裂，裂化；分裂,分解detrimental [,detri'mentl] adj. 有害的Lesson 3concentration [,kɔnsen'treiʃən] n. 集中,专心,浓度,浓缩definitive [di'finitiv] 最后的，确定的，权威性的milli- ['mili] [词头]毫,千分之一extract [iks'trækt] vt.提炼，提取，萃取sloppy ['slɔpi] adj. 湿透的，水多的，液体的；草率的，粗心大意的residue ['rezidju:] 残留物，剩余物TDS （the total dissolved solids）总溶解性固体TSS （the total suspended solids）总悬浮性固体filtration [fil'treiʃən] n. 过滤filtrate ['filtreit] v. 过滤，筛选 n.滤(出)液nominal ['nɔminl] adj. 名义上的，有名无实的，名字的，名词性的，公称的，额定的hydrogen ['haidrədʒən] ['haidrəudʒən] n. 氢ion ['aiən] n. 离子dissociate [di'səuʃieit] v. 分离,游离,分裂hydroxyl [hai'drɔksil] n.【化学】羟基，氢氧基acidic [ə'sidik] adj. 酸的,酸性的dearth [də:θ] n. 缺乏,粮食不足,饥谨basic ['beisik] n. 基本,要素，基础 adj. 基本的, 碱性的product ['prɔdəkt] n. 产品,成果,乘积logarithm ['lɔgəriθm] n.【数学】对数electrode [i'lektrəʊd] n.【电学】电极；发射极；集电极hydrogen ion activity 氢离子活性（度）indicator ['indikeitə] n. 指示器,指示剂，指示菌，指示基因aquatic [ə'kwætik] adj.1. 水的，水上的，水生的；水栖的 n. 水生动物,水草organism ['ɔ:gənizəm] n. 生物体,有机体disinfection [,disin'fekʃən] n. 消毒mine drainage 矿山排水sulfuric acid [sʌl'fjuərik] 硫酸alkalinity [,ælkə'linəti] n.【化学】碱性；碱度buffering capacity ['bʌfə] 缓冲能力carbonate ['kɑ:bəneit] n.,碳酸盐bicarbonate [bai'kɑ:bənit] n.【化学】碳酸氢盐，酸式碳酸盐，重碳酸盐CO2(Carbon dioxide) [dai'ɔksaid] n. 二氧化物Titrate ['taitreit] vt., vi.【化学】滴定 n.【化学】被滴定液calcium carbonate ['kælsiəm] 碳酸钙DO (dissolved oxygen) 溶解氧gill [gil] [dʒil] n. 腮，腮下肉，峡谷，峡流，锶 vt.1. 用刺网捕(鱼)salinity [sə'liniti] n. 含盐量，咸度，盐浓度,，盐分odor ['əudə] n. 气味,名声iodo- [ai'əudə; 'aiədəu] （构词成分）碘，碘代titration [tai'treiʃən] n. 滴定BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) 生化需氧量microorganism [maikrəʊ'ɔ:gəniz(ə)m] n.【微生物学】微生物macteria bæk'tiəriə] n. 细菌decomposable [,di:kəm'pəʊzəbl] adj.可分解的decomposition [,di:kɔmpə'ziʃən] n.1. 腐败，腐烂 2. 分解(作用)oxidation [ɔksi'deiʃən] n. 氧化stabilize ['steibilaiz] v. 稳定 vt. 1. 使稳定，保持…的稳定；使稳固，使安定：COD (chemical oxygen demand) 化学需氧量drawback ['drɔ:,bæk] n. 缺点，障碍decompose [,di:kəm'pəuz] vt.1. 分解，使分解，使腐烂cellulose ['seljuləus] n. 纤维素dichromate [dai'krəumeit] n.【化学】重铬酸盐nitrogen ['naitrədʒən] n. 氮reduced state 还原态carbonaceous [kɑ:bə'neiʃəs] adj. 【化学】碳的,碳质的,含碳的lignin ['lignin] n. 木质素nutrient ['nju:triənt] adj. 营养的,滋养的 n. 营养物,营养品fractionate ['frækʃəneit] vt.1. 把…分成几部分 2. 【化学】分馏，分级particulate [pə'tikjulit, -leit] n.1. 微粒；颗粒； adj.微粒的；颗粒的；粒子状的biodegradable [,baiəudi'ɡreidəbl] adj. 生物可降解的ferment ['fə:mənt] n. 酵素,发酵,动乱v. 使...发酵,发酵,动乱VFAs (volatile fatty acids) ['vɔlətail] 挥发性脂肪酸Lesson 4wastewater ['weistwɔ:tə] n. 废水generation [,dʒenə'reiʃən] n. 产生，【世】代,residence ['rezidəns] n. 居住，住处mutagenic [,mju:tə'dʒenik] adj. 诱变的，致诱变的septic ['septik] adj. 腐败的，败血病的，脓毒性的n. 腐败物malodorous [mæ'ləudərəs] adj. 有臭味的,不合法的dwell [dwel] v. 居住，细说;carcinogenic [kɑ:sinə'dʒənik] adj. 致癌物（质）的dry weather flow 枯季流量catch basin 集水池，截流井，雨水口overland flow 地表径流，地面水流subcatchment n. 子流域，支流集水区rainfall ['reinfɔ:l] n. 雨量，降雨；降雨量，降水量subsurface ['sʌb'sə:fis] adj. 表面下的；海面(或水平)下的；地表下的effluent ['efluənt] adj. 流出的 n.流出物，废水，污水，排水渠discharge n. 流量，排放物，排出，排放overflow ['əuvə'fləu] n. 溢流term [tə:m] n. 学期,，期间，条款，条件，术语,contaminant [kən'tæminənt] n.污染物，致污物preliminary treatment [pri'liminəri] 预处理rag [ræg] n. 抹布，碎屑，破布,碎布,石板瓦, 破旧衣服grit [grit] n. 砂砾,粗砂石primary treatment ['praiməri] 初级处理constituent [kən'stitjuənt] n.构成要素；成分，组分stick [stik] n. 棍，棒floatable ['fləutəbl] adj. 可漂浮的,可浮起的grease [gri:s] n. 油脂ancillary [æn'siləri] adj. 辅助的, 附属的secondary treatment 二级处理tertiary treatment ['tə:ʃəri]三级处理chemical precipitation [pri,sipi'teiʃən] 化学沉淀anaerobic [æneə'rəubik] adj. 厌氧的lagoon [lə'gu:n] n. 污水塘，氧化塘，曝气塘，环礁，泻湖（位于陆地与障壁岛之间的半封闭水体）advanced oxidation 高级氧化membrane filtration ['membrein] 膜滤breakpoint chlorination [,klɔ:ri'neiʃən] 折点加氯denitrification [di:naitrifi'keiʃən] n. 脱氮作用，反硝化作用air stripping ['stripiŋ]空气吹脱，气提ion exchange 离子交换chlorine dioxide ['klɔ:ri:n] 二氧化氯ozone ['əuzəun] n. 臭氧colloidal kə'lɔidl] adj. 【化学】胶质的；胶态的；胶体的volatile organic compounds (VOC) ['vɔlətail] 挥发性有机化合物chemical scrubber （['skrʌbə] 【化学】洗涤器；涤气器，净洗器）化学洗涤塔biofilter 生物滤池compost ['kɔmpɔst] n.混合肥料，堆肥advanced treatment 高级处理innovative ['inəuveitiv] adj. 革新的，创新的；富有革新精神的；新颖的eutrophication [ju:,trɔfi'keiʃɚn] n. 富营养化作用amendment [ə'mendmənt] n. 改善,改良,改正harbor ['hɑ:bə] n. 海港,避难所 v. 庇护,隐藏,藏匿aging ['eidʒiŋ] n. 衰老，老化，陈化infrastructure ['infrə'strʌktʃə] n. 下部构造,下部组织,基础结构，基础设施nonpoint source [nɔn'pɔint] 非点源point source 点源retrofit ['retrə,fit] n. ﹠ v. 改型，改进renewal [ri'nju:əl] n. 更新,革新,复兴；续借undersized ['ʌndə'saizd] adj.小于一般尺寸的；小型的；不够大的；比较矮小的vitrified ['vitrifaid] adj. 陶瓷的,玻璃化的, 上釉的，陶化的mortar ['mɔ:tə] n. 砂浆，灰浆，胶泥 v. 用灰泥涂抹,用灰泥结合exfiltration [,eksfil'treiʃən] n. 漏出(渗漏)，渗出transmissivity [trænzmi'siviti] n. 透射比，透射率，透射系数gene [dʒi:n] n.【遗传学】(遗传)基因，遗传因子ballast ['bæləst] n. 整流器，压舱物，道碴byproduct ['bai,prɔdʌkt] n. 副产品channelization 管道化interceptor [intə'septə(r)] 截砂阱 n.1. 拦截；阻止者；障碍物；拦截器；遮断器upgrade ['ʌpgreid] n. 升级，上升，上坡vt. 提高(等级)，提升，浓缩gastrointestinal tract [,gæstrəuin'testənl] 胃肠道oocyst ['əuə,sist] n.【生物学】卵囊cryptosporidium [,kriptəu'spɔridiəm] n.【生物学】隐孢子虫（属）cryptosporidium parvum 小隐孢子虫pfiesteria piscicida 幽灵藻pasture ['pɑ:stʃə] n. 牧地，草原，牧场feedlot ['fi:dlɔt] n. 饲育场，饲养场trigger ['trigə] vt. 引发，引起，触发vortex separator ['vɔ:teks] 旋流分离器membrane bioreactor 膜生物反应器ultrafiltration [,ʌltrəfil'treiʃən] n. 超滤reverse osmosis [ɔz'məusis] n. 反渗透ultraviolet radiation ['ʌltrə'vaiəlit] n. 紫外线辐射headworks ['hedwə:k] n. 渠首工程，脑力劳动，准备工作Lesson 5fine screen 细格栅，细筛coarse screen [kɔ:s] 粗格栅，粗筛microscreen 微孔筛网parallel bar ['pærəlel] 平行棒grating ['greitiŋ]栅栏，栅，格栅wire mesh ['waiə] [meʃ]金属丝网，铁丝网，钢丝网perforated plate ['pə:fəreit] [pleit] 穿孔板，多孔板standby 备用bypass 旁路，旁通管in lieu of ['lju:] 代替fillet ['filit] n. 圆角，凸起，缘边，嵌条chain n. 链条reciprocating [ri'siprəkeitiŋ] adj. 往复的，来回的rake [reik] 耙子，齿耙catenary [kə'ti:nəri] adj.﹠n.悬链线；悬链线的trough ['trɔ:f] n. 槽,水槽ragged ['rægid] adj. 粗糙的, 衣衫褴褛的,刺耳的jam [dʒæm] n. 堵塞，拥挤hinge [hindʒ] n. 铰链,SI units （Systeme International）国际标准单位approach velocity [vi'lɔsiti] 行近流速headloss 水头损失cogwheel ['kɔgwi:l] n.【机械学】齿轮carryover n.携带，带出，遗留，遗留物sprocket ['sprɔkit] n.. 【机械学】链齿，链轮hook [huk] n.钩；挂钩，吊钩protrude [prə'tru:d] 伸出,突出grit chamber 沉砂池stringy ['striŋi] adj. 线,绳的,纤维的slide [slaid] n. 滑，滑动，,幻灯片recess [ri'ses] 凹槽,凹座,凹进处sluice [slu:s] n. 水闸，泄水管，水力冲泄debris ['debri:, 'deib-] n. 碎片,残骇，悬浮泥沙，推移质parshall ['pɑ:ʃæl] 巴歇尔氏测流量装置wetwell 湿井，吸水井turbulence ['tə:bjuləns] n. 1. 混乱，动乱，骚乱，骚动2. 【航海学】(水流的)湍流，紊流，（液体或气体的）紊乱eddy ['edi] n. 旋转，,漩涡trapezoidal [,træpi'zɔidəl] 梯形的dislodge [dis'lɔdʒ] 移动，取出，清除hopper ['hɔpə] 斗仓，进料斗，加料斗pneumatic [nj u(:)'mætik] n. 气胎；adj. 装满空气的，有气胎的，汽力的，气压的，气动的grinder ['graində] n. 磨碎机，研磨机，磨床shred ['ʃred] n. 碎片，破片；v. 撕碎，切碎air diffuser [di'fju:zə] 气体扩散器flume [flu:m] n. 水槽，斜槽，渡槽，水道；引水沟grind [graind] v.,磨碎，碾碎，折磨Lesson 6Neutralize ['nju:trəlaiz] v. 使中和，压制silt [silt] n. 淤泥，残渣，煤粉，泥沙barrier ['bæriə] n. 界线,屏障,障碍物，势垒，潜堰collide [kə'laid] v. 碰撞, 抵触charge neutralization 电中和floc [flɔk] n. 絮体flocculation [flɔkju'leiʃən] n. 絮凝作用cation ['kætaiən] 正离子,阳离子trivalent [trai'veilənt] adj.【化学】三价的monovalent [,mɔnəu'veilənt] adj.【化学】一价的，单价的repulsive force [ri'pʌlsiv] 排斥力alum ['æləm] n. 明矾，矾aluminum sulfate [,ælju'miniəm, ,ælə'miniəm] ['sʌlfeit] 硫酸铝oxide ['ɔksaid] n. 氧化物hydroxide [hai'drɔksaid] n.【化学】氢氧化物complex ['kɔmpleks] n. 复合体，配合物，络合物sticky ['stiki] adj. 粘的,粘性的slipping plane ['slipiŋ]滑动面surface charge 表面电荷Brownian motion 布朗运动bombardment [bɔm'bɑ:dmənt] n. 袭击approximation [ə,prɔksi'meiʃən] n. 接近，近似side reaction 副反应potential determining ions 决定电位离子electrolyte [i'lektrəʊlait] n. 电解物,电解质,电解液polyelectrolyte [,pɔlii'lektrəu,lait] n.【化学】聚合(物)电解质；高(分子)电解质aggregation [ægri'geiʃən] n. ,聚合,集合体hydrolyzed metal ions 水解金属离子coagulant [kəʊ'ægjʊlənt] n. 混凝剂flocculant ['flɔkjulənt] n. 絮凝剂destabilize [di:'steibilaiz] vt. 脱稳，使...不稳定synthetic organic polymer [sin'θetik]合成有机聚合物ferric ['ferik] adj. 铁的,含铁的,三价铁的prehydrolized 预水解的polyaluminum chloride 聚合氯化铝polyiron chloride [,pɔli'aiən] 聚合氯化铁granular ['grænjulə] adj ,粒状的microflocculation 异向絮凝，微絮凝macroflocculation ['mækrəu] 同向絮凝orthokinetic flocculation [ɔ:θəkai'netik] 同向絮凝作用perikinetic flocculation [,perikai'netik] 异向絮凝作用overtake ['əuvə'teik] vt. 赶上，追上blur [blə:] v. 使...模糊弄污flexibility [,fleksə'biliti] n. 弹性，适应性，机动性，挠性，灵活性,ellipsoid [i'lipsɔid] n. 椭圆体prolate ['prəuleit] adj. 扁长的,扩展的oblate ['ɔbleit] adj.扁圆形的，扁球形的，椭圆的coil [kɔil] n. 线团，卷曲，线圈，绕组fractal ['fræktəl] （分开学中）不规则碎片形hydrophobic [,haidrəu'fəubik] adj.【化学】疏水的，憎水的hydrophilic [,haidrəu'filik] adj. 亲水性的surface-active agent ['sə:fis'æktiv]表面活性剂synthetic detergent [sin'θetik] [di'tə:dʒ] 合成清洁剂dyestuff ['daistʌf] n.染料，染色剂；染液micelle [mi'sel; mai-] n.【化学、物理学、生物学】胶粒；胶束，胶囊；微团；微胞；胶态分子团；胶态离子composition [kɔmpə'ziʃən] n. 作文,著作,组织,合成物，成份isomorphous replacement ['aisəu'mɔ:fəs] 同晶转换structural imperfection ['strʌktʃərəl] [,impə'fekʃən] 结构性缺陷ionization [,aiənai'zeiʃən] n. 离子化,电离；【化学】电离作用lattice structure ['lætis] 晶格结构inert [i'nə:t] adj. 惰性的,迟钝的hydroxyl ion [hai'drɔksil] 氢氧离子，羟离子carboxyl [kɑ:'bɔksil] n. 羧基amnio ['æmniəu] adj. 氨基的isoelectric point [,aisəui'lektrik] 等电点counterion ['kauntəaiən] n. 带相反电荷的离子，抗衡离子，补偿离子electrostatic forces 静电力van der Waals forces [wɔ:lz] 范德华力thermal agitation 热搅动diffuse layer [di'fju:z] 扩散层compact layer (Stern) 压缩层cloud of ions 电子云zeta potential ['zi:tə] ζ电位Nernst potential [nɛənst] 能斯特电位Lesson 7sedimentation [,sedimen'teiʃən] n. 沉淀,沉降accelerated gravity settling [ək'seləreitid] 回速重力沉降ballasted flocculent settling ['bæləst] 加重絮凝沉淀tube settler ['setlə] 斜管沉淀池frictional ['frikʃənəl] adj. 摩擦的，摩擦力的drag coefficient [kəui'fiʃənt] 阻力系数flocculent settling 絮凝沉降coalesce [,kəuə'les] v. 凝聚，聚结，合并,联合,接合ballasting agent ['bæləstiŋ]加重剂hindered settling ['hində] 干扰沉降，拥挤沉降compression settling 压缩沉降specific gravity [spə'sifik] 比重laminar ['læminə] adj. 层（状、流）的；层的(薄层的,分层的, turbulent ['tə:bjulənt] 紊流的transitional [træn'ziʃənəl] adj. 过渡的kinematic [,kaini'mætik] adj. 运动学的,运动学上的Reynolds number ['renəldz] 雷诺数Iterative ['itərətiv; -reit-] adj. 重复的；反复的；迭代的inertial forces [i'nə:ʃəl] 惯性力overflow rate 溢流率surface loading 表面负荷discrete particle settling [dis'kri:t] ['pɑ:tikl]离散颗粒沉降detention time [di'tenʃən] 滞留时间，停留时间trajectory ['trædʒiktəri, trə'dʒekətəri] n. 轨道,弹道,轨线settling column ['kɔləm] 沉降柱Lesson 8elevated tank ['eliveitid] 高位水池，高架水箱frictional resistance 摩擦阻力sieve analysis [siv] 筛分析cumulative percent ['kju:mju,leitiv] 累计百分数grain [grein] 细粒，颗粒backwashing 反冲洗cutaway ['kʌtə,wei] 剖面图false [fɔ:ls] 人工的jolt [dʒəult] n. ﹠v. 摇晃crush [krʌʃ] vt. 压碎，碾碎supplemental [,sʌpli'mentl] adj. 补充的,增补的gullet ['gʌlit] . n.沟；排水沟；水槽，水落管，海峡probability [,prɔbə'biliti] n. 可能性,概率,机率straining ['streiniŋ]筛滤，变形，隔小滤interception [,intə'sepʃən] n. 拦截，截留electrokinetic [i,lektrəʊkai'netik] adj. 动电学的，电动的terminate ['tə:mineit] v. 终止，停止，结束abrade [ə'breid] v. 摩擦,磨损scouring ['skauəriŋ]擦[洗]净, 冲刷, 洗涤hydraulics ['hai'drɔ:liks] n. 水力学inertial [i'nə:ʃəl] adj. 不活泼的,惯性的adhesion [əd'hi:ʒən] n. 附着力，,胶粘Lesson 9adsorption [æd'sɔ:pʃən] n. 吸附。