植物学botany植物学botanical / botanic植物学的horticulture园艺学aquatic plant 水生植物parasite plant 寄生植物root 根canopy树冠层/顶棚foliage / leaf 叶leaflet 小叶rosette（叶的）丛生stem 茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot / sprout 嫩芽/抽枝flower花bud花蕾petal花瓣peel / skin果皮shell（硬）果壳husk（干）果壳/（玉米苞叶trunk树干bark树皮branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle丛林lawn草meadow草地/牧场prairie大草原mosses苔藓shrub / bush灌木cluster一簇（灌木）fern蕨类植物horsetails木贼类植物club mosses石松类植物herb草photosynthesis光合作用chlorophyll 叶绿素symbiosis共生symbiotic 共生的wither / shrivel / fade凋谢blossom花pollen花粉pollinate传授花粉petal花瓣nectar花蜜tissue 组织organ器官system 系统seeds种子everlasting永久的crossbreed杂交root pressure根压bore腔/肠cohesion-tension凝聚压力column花柱necrosis坏死barren 贫瘠的；不生育的futile无用的carbohydrate (starch)碳水化合物（淀粉）glucose葡萄糖starch淀粉fat 脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin 维他命malnourished营养不良的nutrition 营养perennial 多年一生的annual一年一生的verdant 嫩绿的，翠绿的evergreen常青树conifer tree针叶树larch落叶松pine松树spruce云杉juniper 刺柏；杜松sequoia红杉elm榆树walnut核桃树redwood红木树plum blossom 梅花orchid兰花chrysanthemum 菊花water lily荷花/莲花rhododendron杜鹃花carnation康乃馨jasmine茉莉花helianthus / heliotrope /sunflower向日葵camellia 茶花corn / maize / mealie玉米pumpkin南瓜tomato番茄lettuce莴苣cabbage卷心菜wheat小麦rye黑麦barley大麦oats燕麦微生物学antibody 抗体toxin毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccine疫苗fungus真菌bacteria细菌fermentation发酵inflection 传染/ 感染microorganism / microbe微生物virus病毒disinfection消毒sterilization 灭菌生物学biology生物学marine biology海洋生物学entomology昆虫学ornithology鸟类学microbiology微生物学genetics遗传学speciology物种学parasitology寄生虫学paleontology古生物学paleontologist古生物学家dinosaur恐龙die out / extinction灭绝mammal哺乳动物carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物underwater水下的marine海洋的scuba水下呼吸器diving潜水/ 跳水one-celled organism单细胞有机体tissue（动植物细胞的）组织protective camouflage保护色predator 捕猎者oceanic snail蜗牛animal adaptation动物适应性survival of the fittest适者生存origin of species物种起源wild environment野生环境insecticide杀虫剂prenatal care产后护理habitat栖息地tentacle触须prey 捕食navigate 导航tiny receptor接收器nerve / specimen 物种amphibian两栖类动物decline in the number数量减少gene基因genetic基因的endangered species濒危动物survival活着的transition 转变/过渡microbe 微生物yeast酵母（菌）bacteria细菌single-cell单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch孵化incubation孵化nest巢offspring子孙chew up咀嚼unfertilized eggs未受精卵nutrient营养品nourishment营养品/ 食物feed喂养cannibalism同类相食respiration呼吸ingestion摄食digestion消化digestive enzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleus细胞核cytoplasm细胞质plasma lemma / cellmembrane 细胞膜cell wall 细胞壁protein蛋白质amino acid 核酸plankton 浮游生物heredity遗传mutation of species 物种变异chromosome染色体genetic engineering遗传工程solitary独居social群居bio-diversity生物多样性metamorphosis变态/ 变形mutation变种variation变异动物学zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲order目suborder 亚目family科genus属species种invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life 水生动物reptile 爬行动物amphibian / amphibious animal 两栖动物protozoa 原生动物rodent 啮齿动物ruminant 反刍动物parasitic animal寄生动物primate灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk软体动物coelenterate 腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore 食草动物mammal哺乳动物homotherm 恒温动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物poikilotherm变温动物scavenger食腐动物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous杂食的bird鸟类camouflage伪装hibernate冬眠；蛰伏regeneration 再生predatory / carnivore食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食hordes / swarms（昆虫等）群flock（牛、羊等）群community动物的群落或人的部落population种群herd 兽群hygiene卫生sanitation 公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous 一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous 一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous 一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche小生态环境vestige退化器fertilizer使受精metabolism新陈代谢breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖multiply / reproduce繁殖spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy 解剖学appetite食欲creature生物scales鳞feathers羽毛armor甲spinal cord 脊椎digestive system消化系统excretory system排泄系统reproductive syste生殖系统circulatory system循环系统respiratory system呼吸系统hormonal system内分泌系digestive duct 消化管esophagus食管stomach胃small intestine小肠largeintestine大肠anus肛门digestive gland 消化腺salivary gland唾液腺liver肝gallbladder胆pancreas 胰水生动物jellyfish水母nettle fish海蜇coral珊瑚dolphin 海豚whale鲸鱼shrimp 小虾prawn对虾lobster龙虾crab螃蟹mussel贻贝；蚌类clam 蛤蜊oyster牡蛎sponge海绵starfish海星squid鱿鱼；乌贼burro / octopus 章鱼sole 鳎；鳎目鱼plaice 鲽，红斑比目鱼哺乳动物squirrel松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗moose驼鹿beaver海狸elk麋鹿reindeer 驯鹿giraffe长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马sloth 树懒slothful 懒惰的两栖动物、爬行动物frog 青蛙tadpole 蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion蝎子turtle龟lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙cay men / crocodile鳄鱼centipede蜈蚣鸟类robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle 北极鹅penguin企鹅canary 金丝雀chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）vulture秃鹫crane鹤stork鹳ptarmigan雷鸟migrate迁移plumage羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill （鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴昆虫insect昆虫wasp黄蜂hornet 大黄蜂spider 蜘蛛pest 害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada蝉mantis 螳螂cockroach 蟑螂earthworm蚯蚓antenna / tentacle触须larva幼虫生态学ecology生态学ecosystem生态系统balance of nature自然界生态平衡fauna动物群flora植物群rain forest雨林food chain食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse温室效应infrared radiation红外线辐ozone layer / ozonosphere臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外辐pollution control污染控制air pollution空气控制water pollution水污染noxious / toxic有毒的fumes（有毒的）废气waste废物solid waste 固体废物sewage / wastewater污水sewage purification污水净化swage disposal污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝能源和环境fossil fuel 矿物燃料process of photo synthesis光合作用solar energy太阳能nonrenewable不可再生的energy conservation保护能源resource资源energy source能源资源tidal energy潮汐能fuel-efficient节能型的rush hour 高峰期zero emission零辐射wildness 野生/天然preservation保护atmosphere大气carbon碳dioxide二氧化物burning of coal and oil煤油燃烧global warming全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应rise in sea level海平面上升long-term climatic change长期的气候变化environmental recyclingcenter再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage 垃圾pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest滥伐森林drought干旱water shortage水源缺乏offshore spillage近海岸溢出carbon dioxide release二氧化碳排放industrial sewage工业污水recycling再循环purify净化deteriorate 恶化acid rain 酸雨sewage disposal污水处理environment protection环境保护ozone layer臭氧层waste disposal 废物处理emission（汽车废气的）排放soot 烟尘El Niño 厄尔尼诺现象天文学astronomy天文学astronomical observatory 天文台planetarium天文馆astrophysics天文物理学astrology 占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos / universe 宇宙cosmology宇宙infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial 天体的celestial body / heavenly body 天体celestial map / sky atlas 天体图celestial sphere 天球dwarf / dwarf star 矮星quasar 类星体constellation星座galaxy / Milky Way银河系star cluster星团asterism星群solar system太阳系solar corona日冕solar eclipse日食solar radiation太阳辐射planet行星planetoid / asteroid 小行星revolve旋转twinkle 闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter 木星Saturn土星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星Pluto冥王星orbit轨道spin 旋转satellite卫星lunar月球的meteor流星meteor shower流星雨star恒星meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石comet彗星space / outer space 太空，外层空间spacecraft / spaceship 宇宙飞船space shuttle航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut / spaceman宇航员space suit宇航服stellar 恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid小行星nebula星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia氨photosphere光球；光球层chromospheres色球；色球层chromospheres-coronatransition zone色球-日冕过渡层sunglow日冕sunspot太阳黑子（发生在光球层）flare耀斑（发生在色球层）solar prominence 日珥（发生在色球层）convection zone对流层vacuum真空infrared ray 红外线absolute magnitude绝对量级emission发射/散发high-resolution高清晰度interferometer 干扰仪，干涉仪illusive object 幻影体faint 微弱的image 影像gravitational force 吸引力molten融化的leap year 闰年rotation 自传revolution公转black hole黑洞ultraviolet ray 紫外线luminosity 光度light year光年气象学meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家meteorological station气象站forecast / predict预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层stratosphere平流层mesosphere中间层ionosphere电离层exosphere 逸散层cold front冷锋warm air mass 热气团current（气）流moisture 潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时vapor 蒸汽evaporate蒸发damp / moist / humid潮湿humidity湿度moisture潮湿saturate 饱和dew 露frost霜fog / mist雾smog烟droplet小水condense浓缩crystal水晶体sheet（水、冰、雪的）一层downpour / torrential rain大雨tempest (storm) / torrentialrain暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard / snowstorm暴风雪avalanche / snow slide雪崩precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水thunder 雷breeze微风sandstorm沙暴monsoon季风gale大风whirlwind旋风typhoon 台hurricane飓风tornado / twister / cyclone龙卷风wind scale风级tsunami / seismic sea wave海啸tidal wave潮汐；浪潮upper atmosphere上层大气funnel漏斗云disaster / calamity /catastrophe灾难devastation破坏submerge淹没drought旱灾convection对流wind velocity风速wind direction风向long-range forecast 长期预报numerical weather prediction数值天气预报nephanalysis 云层分析；卫星云图地理学hemisphere 半球meridian子午线/ 经线parallel 平行圈latitude 纬线longitude 经线/ 经度elevation 海拔altitude 高度/ 海拔horizon 地平线equator 赤道temperature latitudes温带地区tropics 热带地区Arctic / the North Pole 北极Antarctic / Antarctica 南极the Antarctic Continent南极洲the Antarctic Circle 南极圈the Arctic Circle北极圈aurora极光tropics of Cancer 北回归线tropics of Capricorn 南回归线international date line 国际日期变更线time difference 时差time zone时区topography 地形/ 地形学plain平原plateau / highland 高地lowland 低地basin盆地oasis绿洲enclave飞地peak 山峰cordillera / ranges 山脉carven / cave 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean 地底下coastland 沿海地区coastline 海岸线watershed 分水岭upper reaches 上游lower reaches 下游tributary 支流deposit沉积spring / fountain 泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed 河床gulf / bay 海湾waterfall 瀑布cascade 小瀑布；喷流reef 暗礁tide 湖水torrent 水的急流tropical rain forest 热带雨林continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular半岛archipelago 群岛delta 三角洲landlocked area 内陆inland waterway 内陆河subcontinent 次大陆cliff 山崖valley 山谷hillside / mountain slope 山坡continental shelf 大陆架canyon / gorge 峡谷channel / strait 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的/ 陆地的terrestrial heat / geothermal地热terrestrial magnetism 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的frost heaving 冻胀现象tundra 苔原，冻原fieldstone 卵石Mediterranean Sea地中海the primeval forest 原始森林Scandinavia 斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord 峡湾coral reef 珊瑚礁Chalk 白垩纪cataclysm大洪水ridge 山脊；分水岭abyss深渊territory 版图；领土；地域Pyrenees 比利牛斯山脉Carpathians喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius 维苏威火山Pompeii 庞贝precipice 悬崖eon 世；纪；代glacier 冰河Pangaea 盘古大陆dune 沙丘Lagoon 咸水湖地质学crust 地壳mantle地幔core 地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust 海洋地壳layer / stratum地层stratigraphy地层学fault断层fault plane断层面fault zone 断层带rift / crack / split断裂disintegration/decomposition 分解erosion 腐蚀fossil化石igneous rock火成岩sedimentary rock沉积岩metamorphic rock 变质岩limestone 石灰岩granite花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere岩石圈magma / molten lava岩浆quartz石英mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床rubble碎石debris 残骸platinum 白金/铂金silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury 汞/水银sodium钠gem 宝石diamond 钻石emerald 绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier冰川glacial 冰川的glacial epoch / age / period冰川期glacial drift冰渍moraines 冰碛iceberg冰山volcano 火山active volcano 活火山extinct volcano 死火山dormant volcano休眠火山(sloping) shield volcano 盾状火山（平缓）(steep-sided) cone volcano锥状火山（陡峭）eruption 火山喷发crater 火山口caldera（开口较大）火山口depression洼地，凹陷处；盆地lava 火山岩浆volcanic dust 火山尘volcanic ash火山灰geyser 间歇喷泉hot spring 温泉earthquake / quake / tremor /seism 地震seismic地震的seismology 地震学magnitude 震级seismic intensity scale 震烈度seismic wave 地震波transverse wave 横波longitudinal wave 纵波epicenter 震中epicentral distance 震中距aftershock余震cataclysm灾变tsunami / tidal / force海啸undersea landslide 海底山崩melt global warming全球逐渐变暖aquifer 蓄水层swamp沼泽peat bog 泥炭沼泽Great Canyon 大峡谷Nile River尼罗河Colorado river 科罗拉多河crumples zones地质缓冲地带bedrock 岩床bulge凸起物考古学archaeology考古学paleontology古生物学anthropology人类学archaeologist人类学家pale-anthropologist 古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist 心理人类学家originate 起源于ancestor祖先hominid人（科）homogeneous同以种族（种类）的tribe部落clan氏族excavation挖掘excavate / unearth挖掘ruins 遗迹/废墟remains遗产/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物antique古物/古董antiquity古代/古老Stone Age石器时代Bronze Age 青铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology 形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的fossil化石ancient civilization古代文明cave man山顶洞人cultural relics文物rock painting岩画建筑学architecture建筑学architect 建筑学家construct 结构wing辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator电梯skyscraper摩天大楼design element设计元素log structure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype 原型building technique 建筑工艺new material 新材料metal-frame金属结构repair person修理工planetarium天文馆aquarium水族馆archives档案馆officebuilding写字楼cathedral 大教堂mosque清真寺the statue of liberty 自由女神像the triumphal arch凯旋门sphinx狮身人面像pyramid 金字塔castle 城堡政治、经济学类subsistence存活，生活subsistence wage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistence level 收支平衡的生活水平kinship亲属关系，血缘关系commodity商品check支票；收据；账单bank loan银行贷款interest利息withdraw从银行账户中提款honor (cheque/bill/draft) 承兑a run on a bank 挤兑the Great Depression大萧条consumerism 消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义affluence 富裕，富足sophisticated世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的教育学higher education高等教育moral character道德品质domain 领域faculty 全体教员alumni校友treasurer 生活委员/财务大臣elective system选课制度curriculum 课程（总称）discipline学科/管理learn by rote 死记硬背encyclopedias 百科全书/专科全书人物artist艺术家choreographer舞蹈编排家critic批评家satirist讽刺作家inventor发明家biographer自传作家sculptor雕塑家feminist女权主义者humanitarian人道主义者imagist意象派诗人philanthropist慈善家proprietor业主mortal犯人precursor先驱figurehead名誉领袖disciple学徒apprentice学徒mechanic机械工minimalist简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde 前卫派territory领域genre 风格/体裁eccentric古怪的odd怪诞的/奇数的erratic奇怪的weird怪异的/不可思议的romantic浪漫的innocent 天真的/无罪的lovelorn 相思病苦的emotional情绪的/情感的sentimental 感伤的/多愁善感的cheerless无精打采的/无生命力的patriarchal 家长的/族长的rigid僵化的spare简朴的clumsy笨拙的zigzag曲折的contemporary当代的acclaimed受欢迎的preeminent杰出的versatile（人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的household 家庭的/家喻户晓的genuine真正的authentic 逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia怀旧主义/思乡emotive感人的prodigious巨大的classic经典的posthumous 死后的摄影photographer摄影家panorama全景照片snap shot快照developing 冲洗enlarge放大foreground前景background背景high definition高清晰度close-up特写out of focus调焦不准exposure 曝光instant camera拍立得camera lens相机镜头tripod 三脚架dark room 暗室wide angle lens广角镜头long focus lens 长镜头filter 滤色镜文学pose 散文diary日记autobiography传记editorial社论narrative prose叙述性descriptive prose描写性essay随笔poetry诗歌ballad民谣lullaby催眠曲fiction小说allegory寓言fairy tale童话legend传说proverb谚语model人物原型leading character主人公main plot主要情节prelude序曲prologue序言epilogue尾声literary criticism文学批评literary studies文学研究schools of literature 文学流派comparative literature比较文学realism现实主义surrealism 超现实主义futurism 未来主义modernism现代主义aestheticism唯美主义音乐musical instrument乐器orchestra（管弦）乐队shook rattle摇拨浪鼓pound drum击鼓foot beat跺脚note 音符score乐谱movement乐章fanatical狂热的hillbilly music乡村音乐folk music民间音乐pop music流行音乐classical music古典音乐Jazz爵士乐symphony交响乐rock and roll 摇滚乐band music / wind music管乐string弦乐violin小提琴viola中提琴cello大提琴harp 竖琴horn号；喇叭clarinet 单簧管oboe 双簧管keyboard instrument 键盘乐器percussion震荡/打击乐器vocal music 声乐concerto 协奏曲sonata 奏鸣曲serenade小夜曲solo独奏/独唱duet二重唱conducting指挥podium 指挥台accompaniment伴奏quality音质volume音量chord 和弦harmony 和声rest 休止time节拍lullaby 催眠曲prelude序曲epilogue 尾声美术（绘画和雕塑）fine arts 美术oil painting油画water color 水彩画tempera蛋彩画sketch速写/素描pastel 彩色蜡笔画poster海报/招贴画charcoal drawing 木炭画mural painting / fresco壁画engraving版画lithograph石板画landscape painting风景画still life静物画portrait肖像画caricature 漫画pigment颜色，色素canvas油画布brush画笔drawing board画板perspective 透视画法original原作copy临本reproduction / replica复制品genuine真的fake假的gallery美术馆autograph真迹panorama全景画calligraphy书法paste裱糊impressionistic style 印象派风格framing装框sculpture雕塑sculptor雕塑家figurine 小雕像bust半身雕塑像statue塑像unique唯一的/独特的animator漫画家saxophonist萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo靛蓝purple紫色。