i.T h e C o l o n i a l P e r i o d1.关键词: America Puritanism2.Calvinism特点: total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement,Irresistible grace, Perseverance of the saints3.Anne Bradstreet( P17 ): a Puritan poet be known as “The Muse”4.Thomas Paine: one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man.5.works: “Common Sense”“American Crisis”“The Rights of Man”“The Ageof Reason”理性时代6.Phillip Freneau(P22): 美国文学史上的重要人物7.dawning nationalism 代表人物Poems: The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花first modern American & the last medieval man8.Jonathan Edwards( Calvinism )9. a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening10.works: “The Freedom of the Will”《自由意志论》“The Great Doctrine ofOriginal Sin Defended”《伟哉原罪论辩》“The Nature of True Virtue”“American Dream”“Self-made”11.Benjamin Franklin(puritanism)12.“Poor Richard’s Almance”“autobiography”新文学形式13.“18th century enlightenment”ii.Romanticism1.Washington Irving（1783-1859）2.①titles: “the father of American literature”3.“the American Goldsmith”4.②works: The Sketch Book (marked the beginning of American Romanticism andthe beginning of short stories as a genre in American literature)5.Rip Van Winkle (P47—P48)The Legend of Sleepy Hollow6.James Fenimore Cooper（1789-1851）7.①One of the first writer to write American Westward movement8.②“The Leatherstocking Tales” (novel)9.first is “The Pioneers”10.---Plot:---theme conflict between Natty Bumppo and Judge Temple----character:Natty Bumppo---innocent, simple, honest and generous, for freedom, againstcivilization, wilderness is goodJudge Temple---just, reasonable, for civilization and law③Writing style:intriguing plotmajestic landscape descriptionsrich imaginationwooden characterizationnot authentic dialectiii.New England Transcendentalism---the culmination of American Romanticismiv.Beginning of the Transcendentalism---1836, Nature, Emerson (1830s –the Civil War)v.Features：a:emphasizing on spirit or the Over-soul；b:stressing the importance of the individual；c:offering a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.1.Ralph Waldo Emerson：The founder of the Transcendentalist club and the editorfor a time of the journal the Dial2.Works:Nature --- “the Manifesto of American Transcen den talism” “the Bible ofNew England”:The Poet (from Nature)The American Scholar --- “Intellectual Declaration of Independence”3.Henry David Thoreau4.Masterpiece: Walden (Failure first, success in the 20th century)5.Content---a faithful record of his reflection in communicating with nature6.Nathaniel Hawthorne7.“The Scarlet Letter”8.Plot(P74)Theme:---(general theme) evil and sin exist in human heart and will be punishedone daymoral, emotional and psychological effect of the sin on the people in general---(specific theme) a hymn on the moral growth of the woman Hester when sinnedagainstsymbolism象征主义: “A”—Adultery—able—angel“pearl”—treasure9.Herman Melville10.works: Moby Dick (1851)---little response, famous until the 20th century11.Content:---(general content) an encyclopedia of everything---(specific content) a tragedy of man fighting against overwhelmingpower in an indifferent even hostile world12.Edgar Allan Poe13.Theme: The death of beautySense of lossWorks:Poem--- “The Raven” “To Helen” “Annabel Lee”Writing style:MusicalRepetition of wordsParalleled structureMelancholy atmosphere(tone)Short story---The Fall of the House of UsherPlot: (P112)Theme: the fall of the house---the annihilation (disintegration) and of person14.Emily Dickinson15.Subject and theme:①(almost one third) Death and immortality②“My life closed twice before its close”③“Because I could not stop for death”④theme: Everyone can’t live forever. Only after death can we getimmortality (immortality of soul)⑤“ I heard a Fly Buzz- When I died”⑥theme: skeptical & ambivalent about death⑦ reluctance to death⑧Love⑨“Wild Nights-Wild nights” (P99)⑩nature (both benevolent and cruel)“I’ll tell you how the sun rose”⑪emphasis of free will and human responsibility⑫“To fight aloud”⑬“A triumph may be”⑭soul ( conviction of her sovereignty)⑮“I know that He exists”“The Brain is wider than the sky”Theme:influence of TranscendentalismHuman being’s mind (soul) is as divine as God⑯beauty, truth and goodness are ultimately one“ I died for beauty-but was scar e”“Tell all the truth but tell it slant” (P102)Writing style: emotional, original, against traditionChoice of words, verbal construction (capitalized and dash), spelling,full of fresh images, brief, direct, plain words but not easy to readInfluence: precursor to the Imagist movement16.Walt Whitman17.Works: “Leaves of Grass”草叶集(9 editions from 1855 to 1892, Famous untilthe 5th edition)18.Poems in Leaves of Grass:19.“Song of Myself” (most famous one)“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” (1859)“When Lilacs紫丁香Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” (1865)“O Captain My Captain!”Writing style: free verse( no regular rhyme, but musical)vi.过渡时期Harriet Beecher Stowework: Uncle Tom’s Cabin ---The greatest manifesto of American anti-slavery (最有名的反奴隶制作品)Content: a faithful record of American black people's miserable life.vii.Realism 镀金时代Gilded Age1.William Dean Howells豪厄尔斯2.①title: “champion of literary realism in US”“first president of AmericanAcademy of Arts and Letters”3.②works:4.essay--- Criticism and Fiction5.novel---The Rise of Silas Lapham6.Plot: P120-121Character: Silas Lapham---common Bostonian of the late 19th century, averageAmerica happy with his family and proud of his success in the worldTheme:house---symbol of Lapham’s success (in material) and aspir ation for thepolite societythe burning of the house---financial fall and moral rise7.Henry James8.①themes: exchanges between Americans and Europeans美国和欧洲文化的冲突9.②写作手法：a. eliminates the author and gives the reader the illusion ofbeing present at the scene of action让读者置身于情境中10.b. without comments or explanations: Dramatize, only dramatize, is his lesson作者只设定情境11.③Three distinctive periods:12.a. 1865-1882 novels13.The American (1877) 美国人The Europeans (1878) 欧洲人The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 淑女本色贵妇的肖像Daisy Miller(1878) 短篇小说b.1882-1895 playsc.1895-1990 novelsThe Turn of the Screw(1898)短篇小说碧庐冤孽（螺丝在旋紧）The Wings of the Dove (1902) 鸽之翼The Ambassadors (1903) 大使（奉使记）The Golden Bowl (1904) 金碗14.Mark Twain(Local Colorism)15.①Works: The Adventure of Tom Sawyer16. The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn 汤姆索亚历险记的续集，海明威称赞“all modern American literature comes”17.②theme: racism& slavery18. intellectual& moral educationThe hypocrisy of civilized” society③real name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens④背景: Mississippi Riverviii.Naturalism(是现实主义的高级阶段)Time: at the end of the 19th centurySubject of naturalist: detailed description of lives of the low and the abnormal, frank description of human passion and sexuality, and portrayal ofmen overwhelmed by natureTheme of naturalists: pessimistic, deterministic自然主义的起源：Emile Zola “surrounding and heredity遗传 can decide one’s destiny”写作手法：ironic讽刺, less sympathy, more serious than realism, deterministic决定论1.Stephen Crane2.①Works: (novels) Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) and The Red Badge ofCourage (1895) (short stories) “The Open Boat”3.②Writing style: psychological description, visual beauty with symbols4.Frank Norris5.①works: (Novel) McTeague麦克提格(1899)首部全面展示自然主义的作品the Octopus章鱼 (best work) (1901) railwayWriting style:rich materialfresh imagerypoetic mode of fictionprecise and exact word(Essay of literary criticism) The Responsibilities of the Novelists (1903)6.O. Henry(a prolific American short-story writer)多产短篇小说家①Real name: William Porter②The Gift of the Magi③Writing style: short, interesting and clever plot, good-natured humor,surprising end, keen observation of details, slang and colloquialexpressions7.Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞8.works: Sister Carrie(1990)《嘉丽妹妹》Jennie Gerhardt (1911)《珍妮姑娘》（姐妹篇）The Financier (1912) 《金融家》“Trilogy of Desire” (欲望三部曲) The Titan (1914)《巨头》The Stoic(1947)《斯多葛》The "Genius" (1915) 《天才》--autobiographical novelAn American Tragedy--greatest and most successful Political commentary set9.Jack London10.Works:---Reflection of his Involvement in the socialist movement:The Iron Heel, The People of the Abyss---Reflection of his belief in Darwinism:The Call of the Wild (1903)适者生存, The Sea Wolf (1904)---Reflection of the conflicting view :autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1909)ix.ModernismTwo literary periods•1920s --- The First World War (a decade of great joy and happenings )•1930s--- The Great Depression1.Ezra Pound--- the founder of Imagist movement(深受中国文化的影响)2.works: translations of Lipo’s poems “The River- Merchant’s Wife”翻译李白的《长干行》3.In a Station of the MetroThe apparition of these faces in the crowd ;Petals on a wet, black bough.— Ezra Pound4.T. S. Eliot5.PoemsThe Waste Land(1922)---spiritual crisis of postwar Europe, like a manifesto of the “Lost generation”The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock (1917)--- a poem with a notable modern emotional color，意识流，现代主义情感色彩6.Wallace Stevens7.Basic theme: interrelationship between reality and art, power of imaginationWorks: “Anecdote of the Jar”古坛轶事8.William Carlos Williams9.Works: Famous poem: Paterson 帕特森(1946–58).Subject: everyday circumstances of life and the lives of common people.Writing style: unusual meters and styles, easy and enjoyable to read 10.Carl Sandburg---One of The greatest poets in the “Chicago Renaissance”---Chicago Poems11.Robert Frost12.Subject: the people and landscape of New England.(Misconception of him as a lyric poet or as an authentic painter of local landscape)Theme: (universal and abstract) the complexity of human existenceWorks:poem collection：A Boy’s Will (1913), North of Boston(1914)New Hamphshire(1923),Collected Poems(1930),A Further Range(1936),A Witness Tree(1942)Some famous poems:“After Apple Picking”“Mending Wall”“Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening”“The Road not Taken”“Design”“The Wood-Pile”Writing style:---formto retain traditional forms of poetry---themedeceptively simple (trivial subjects)---languagelucid, easy, fluent13.William Faulkner: one of the twentieth century’s greatest writers---one of the southern writers (fictional Yoknapatawpha County)---the Nobel Prize-winning novelist(1949)---a famous short story writerWorks: 19 novels, 3volumes of short stories•poem collection: The Marble Faun, 1924)•Novel:The Sound and the Fury, 1929喧哗与躁动As I Lay Dying, 1930Light in August, 1932Absalom, Absalom!, 1936Go Down, Moses, 1942•short story: “A Rose For Emily”Theme: general human situationWriting style: difficult and experimental•Vivid characterization( character with great independence)•Multiple narrators•Story-novel (emphasis on narrative)•Modern stream of consciousness (fragmentary and obscure)• A variety of English14.F. Scott Fitzgerald15.work: The Great Gatsby(1925)16.Themes: The decline衰落 of American Dream in the 1920sThe Hollowness空虚 of the upper classSymbols: The green light17.Ernest Hemingway18.①Nick Adams, a Hemingway hero, first appears in the novel In Our Time(1925)19.②The Sun Also Rises (1926)20. Jake BarnesA Farewell to Arms (1929)Frederick Henry & Catherine BarkleyDeath in the Afternoon (1932 )Green Hills of Africa (1935)For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)The Old Man and the Sea (1952)Manolin & Santiagox.American drama1.Eugene O’Neil(1888 – 1953)2.father of American drama3.Works:first published play, Beyond the Horizon (1920) on BroadwayThe Iceman Cometh (1946)Long Days Journey into Night (1956)：an autobiographical play and releasedafter O'Neill's death.4.John Steinbeck5.the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962Famous for The Grapes of Wrath (1939), a novel widely considered to be a20th-century classic.。