关联词运用实例说明一．表示举例说明1. Many southern cities are growing above the national average — Shanghai is a case in point.2. This fact will serve as an illustration (proof / example) to show the importance of protecting the environment.3. Many countries, for example (instance), Mexico and Japan, have a lot of earthquakes.4. In particular/ Particularly, many adult students have an immediate need for spoken-language skills.5. His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as (=equally) popular.6. Money makes money. That is/ That is to say / In other words / Namely / To put it another way, the more you invest, the greater your potential profit will be.7. To illustrate / demonstrate my point, I have done an analysis.二．表示增补意义1. This is a flexible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike.2. The organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as / along with raising money for local charities.3. People choose jobs for other reasons besides / in addition to money.4. The company provides cheap Internet access. In addition, / Additionally, / Besides, / Apart from that, it makes shareware freely available.(The company provides cheap Internet access. It makes shareware freely available as well.)5. We want the economy to grow, but equally we want low inflation.6. The majority of Americans increased their wealth in the past decade. Furthermore / Moreover / What’s more, the gains were substantial.7. The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly / Likewise, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably. (Fuel prices have fallen quite considerably in the same way.)8. The system was not only complicated but also ineffective.三．表示强调1. Books and people certainly / surely affected him.2. Most of the essays were very good indeed.3. Her teachers said she was a slow learner, whereas in fact / as a matter of fact she was partially deaf.4. Obviously, diet and exercise are important. (It is obvious / apparent that…)5. Of course there will be some difficult times ahead.6. Throwing money at the problem is surely not the way to convince people of sincerity.7. It was difficult, to be sure, but somehow we managed to finish the job.8. If we truly believe we can win, then we have a very good chance at doing it.9. Undoubtedly, public interest in folk music has declined.10. Sally was without doubt one of the finest swimmers in the school.11. This idea probably won't work, but let's try it anyway.12. Most importantly, Americans vote for officials who set economic policy (What is most important is that…)四．表示对比或对照1. The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothers have increased.2. The stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents.3. The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but to provide work for young people.4. American consumers prefer white eggs; conversely, British buyers like brown eggs. （American consumers prefer white eggs, whereas / while British buyers like brown eggs. ）5. Instead of being annoyed, he seemed quite pleased.6. It wasn't a good thing; on the contrary / contrary to that, it was a huge mistake.7. Unlike most people in the office, I don't come to work by car.8. We must run, otherwise we'll be too late.9. Last summer there was a drought, yet some people were still watering their lawns every day.五．表示比较1. After months of living in a hot climate, Spain seemed cool by / in comparison.2. By / In comparison with other European countries, car prices in the UK are very high.3. Even when the correct word was given a high probability, there were many other words with an equally high probability.4. Many business people do not know how to deal with it. Equally important, they do not know how to prevent it.5. Compared to / with the statistics last year, it has risen a lot.六．表示让步1. The technique is painful, admittedly, but it benefits the patient greatly.2. Printing and presentation should be as attractive as possible —after all the library is an attractive place, isn't it?3. I realize she can be very annoying, but I think you should apologize all the same.4. We decided to take rooms in Longwood House, although we knew we could not really afford the rent.5. Clearly, the racial problems in America have no easy answers.6. The fines for speeding are large, but even so, it can not be stopped completely.7. In spite of / Despite the hardships, real efforts and progress are being made.8. While I admit that your excuse sounds reasonable, I can’t accept it.七．表示转折1. Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not.2. Carson did not join the navy. Instead, he decided to join the theater and become an actor.3. There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. Nevertheless, it is important that we try.4. Do as you're told, otherwise you'll be in trouble.5. There is no important reason why these countries rather than others were selected.6. They charge incredibly high prices, yet customers keep coming back for more.八．表示结果1. Some of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them.2. As many as 2, 500 people died as a result of the earthquake and the ensuing tidal waves.3. Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. Consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient.4. The cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. Hence / Therefore /Thus / For this reason factory location is an important consideration.5. In this way normal healthy people may be tested without inducing any damage in their brain.九．表示结论as has been noted(mentioned，stated), at last, finally, in a word, all in all, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, to conclude, to sum up, to summarize1. Patience, as has been mentioned(mentioned，stated) above, is important.十．表示顺序首先：first, firstly, first of all,first and foremost, above all, to begin with, to start with, in the first place其次：second, secondly, next, and（具体见第二点）最后：last, last but not least, finallyon the one hand… on the other handfor one thing… for another。