1.excavate
开挖
2.Structural engineering
结构工程
3. water and sewage systems
给排水工程
4. settlement
沉降
5. heating and cooling systems
供暖、制冷系统
6. cantilever beam
悬臂梁
7. balustrade
承重骨架
load carrying frame
结构工程
structural engineering
钢筋混凝土
reinforced concrete
稳定性
stability
岩土工程
geotechnical engineering
楼板、平板
slab结构ຫໍສະໝຸດ 能structural behavior
测量
Survey
摩天大厦 的存在归功于19世纪的两大 发明：钢结构 和载人电梯
The skyscraper owes it is existence to two developments of the 19th
century: steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator .
14.承重框架load-carrying frame/ load-bearing frame
15.直升电梯elevator/lift
16.砖石、砌体masonry
17.桁架truss
18.粉土silt
19.不均匀沉降uneven settlement
20.均匀沉降uniform settlement
21.基础foundation
22.过梁柱post and lintel/ post and beam
23.钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete
24.荷载load
25.剪力墙shear wall
26.筒中筒tube in tube
27.刚梁桥rigid beam bridge
28.悬索桥suspension bridges
building encompasses all of man's effortcso tnot rol its
environment and direct natural forces to his own needs. This art includes, in addition to buildings , all the civil engineering structures such as dams, tunnels, aqueducts, and bridges.
29.tube in tube
30.spillway
31.water-to-cement ratio
32.asphalt
33.predominate
34.hydroelectric
35 . tension
36 . compression
37. simply supported beam
38. elevator
5.The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities . From the time of the cave dwellers to the present, one of the first needs of man has a shelter from the elements. In a more general sense, the art of
39. reinforced concrete
钢筋混凝土
40. truss
桁架
41. rigid frames
刚性框架
42. maintenance
养护
43. Arch bridge
拱桥
44. bridge piers
桥墩
45. abutment
桥台
46. auxiliary
附加的
47. embankment
承重墙
19. superstructure
上部结构
21.mechanical and electrical systems
22.slab-column system
23.time-dependent
24.outline
25.Parlance
26.Depth
27.reservoir
28.high-rise building
The wall elements, which are used to cover thestructure and
are supported by it , are built of a variety ofmaterials : brick,
precast concrete, stone, opaque glass, plastics, steel, and aluminum. Wood is used mainly in house construction; it is not generally used forcommercial, industrial, or public buildings because of the fire hazard.
坝
48 . permeability
渗透性
49. arch dam
拱坝
50. shaft
轴
1.工程管理Engineering management
2.动力厂（发电厂） power plant；power station
3.连续梁continuous beam
4.力force
5.混凝土concrete
一个 项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对 现场进行测绘， 定位有 用的 布置，如地下水、下水道和电力线
When a project begins,the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement water,sewer,and power lines.
as wood, steel, stone .
本文主要 介绍建筑形式与 环境的关系， 建筑学方面以及建筑与 建筑学的关系。 它还介绍了一些建筑 材料，如 木材，钢材，石 材。
3.The skin of a building consist of both transparent elements (windows ) and opaque elements( walls ). Windows are traditionally glass , although plastics are being used, especially in schools where breakage creates a maintenance problem.
建筑物的 目的 是给 人类的活动 提供 一个遮风挡雨的地方。从穴 居时代到现在，人类的第一需要最基本的就是有一个可以遮风 避雨之所。一般而言， 建筑物的艺术 包含人类试图 控制环境 和 按照人们需求改造自然。这种艺术包括，除建筑物外，所有土 木工程结构比如 大坝，隧道，沟渠和桥。
6.The rigid beam in this type of bridge may be a shaped wooden beam , a girder of steel or concrete , or even a complex truss . The span of a rigid beam type of bridge can be increased by building intermediate piers and bridgin g the gaps between the piers with several beams . The materials used for rigid beams must be able to withstand bothcompression and
土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指 规划，设计，施工 及对建筑环境的管理。 此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所 有结构，从 灌溉和排水系统 到火箭发射设施。
2.This text mainly introduced the relationship between the form of building and the environment , the aspect of architecture , and the relationship between building and architeture. It also introduced some buildingmaterials , such
29.公路工程highway engineering
30.土石坝earth and rockfill dam
31.混凝土坝concrete dam
32.堤坝embankment
1.Civil engineering, the oldest of engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment . This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage system to rocket-launching facilities.