第五章历史文化Ⅰ. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. Pay special attention to the italicized words.1. The manager sat in his office amid his morning mail.2. He is a man above vulgar interests.3. The ancient compass is of high sensibility.4. It looks as if we are in for a storm.5. He was between sheets by eleven.6. On a third voyage in 1498 Columbus found Trinidad and explored the northern coast of South America.7. Fresh from his role in Titanic, he has a double starring role in The Man in the Iron Mask.(《铁面人》)8. Later when the children came home for the week of Christmas, the house was bright with Christmas colours.9. He continued to search through the Bahamian Cays down to Cuba, a place name which suggested Cipangu (Japan), and then eastward to the island he named Espanola.10. Out of all the glorious tales written about the U. S. revolution for independence from Britain, the fact is hardly known that a black man was the first to die for American independence.Ⅱ. Translate the following sentences into English. Pay special attention to the underlined words.1．中国经历了一系列艰苦的变革和试验。
2．我再向外看时，他已抱了朱红的橘子往回走。
3．1292年，马可波罗携弟弟和儿子，随十四条大船组成的船队和六百名船员从中国南方一个港口出发，离开中国，前往威尼斯。
4．爹上班去了，妹不在家，妈刚找到工作，还得过一小时才下班。
5．经过仔细研究，他们发现这个设计落后了。
6．“来啦!”她转身蹦着跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过阳台，进了门廊。
7．他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不全打仗。
8．他们派了一个杀手去追杀他。
9．他们立刻出动去追击敌人。
10．我进屋时，他在读书。
Ⅲ. Translate the following passage into Chinese.Born in 1451, the son of an Italian weaver, Christopher Columbus took to the sea at an early age, making up for his lack of formal education by teaching himself geography, navigation, and Latin. By the 1480s Columbus -- a tall, red-haired, long-faced man with a ruddy complexion, oval eyes, and a prominent nose -- was an experienced seaman. Dazzled by the prospect of Asian riches, he hatched a scheme to reach the Indies (India, China, the East Indies, or Japan) by sailing west. After the courts of Portugal, England, and France showed little interest in his plan, Columbus turned to Spain for backing. He won the support of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Spanish monarchs, and himself raised much of the money needed to finance the voyage. The legend that the queen had to hock the crown jewels is as spurious as the fable that Columbus set out to prove the earth was round.Columbus chartered one seventy-five-foot ship, the Santa Maria, and the Spanish city of Palos supplied two smaller caravels, the Pinta and Nina. From Palos this little squadron, with eighty-seven officers and men, set sail westward for what Columbus thought was Asia. The first leg of the journey went well, thanks to a strong trade wind. But then the breeze lagged, the days passed, and the crew began to grumble about their captain's farfetched plan. To rally flagging morale, he reminded the crew of the dazzling riches awaiting them. Yet skepticism remained rife, and he finally promised that the expedition would mm back if land were not sighted in three days.Early on October 12, 1492, after thirty-three days at sea, a lookout on the Santa Maria yelled "Tierra ! Tierra ! [ Land ! Land ! ]" It was an island in the Bahamas that Columbus named San Salvador (Blessed Savior). According to Columbus's own reckoning he was near the Indies, so he called the island people los Indios. He described the Indians as naked people, "very well made, of very handsome bodies and very good faces." TheArawak Indians paddled out in dugout logs, which they called canoes, and offered gifts to the strangers. Their warm generosity and docile temperament led Columbus to write in his journal that "they invite you to share anything that they possess, and show as much love as if their hearts went with it." Yet he added that "with fifty men they could all be subjugated and compelled to do anything one wishes."Ⅳ. Translate the following passage into English.1895年，中国在中日甲午战争中战败，陷入了深刻的国家危机，世界列强威胁要瓜分中国。
那些忧患国家命运的知识分子要求改革，不仅工业和军事方面要改，政治体制也得改。
康有为、梁启超和谭嗣同便是维新派的代表人物。
康有为会同一千三百多名举人联名上书光绪皇帝，要求维新变法。
康有为主张以君主立宪制代替封建专制。
康有为的学生梁启超协助撰写文章，宣传变法思想。
相比之下，谭嗣同更为激进，撰写了《仁学》一书批驳传统思想。
维新派不断发表演说，出版论著，在报上撰文，阐明变法的必要性。
中国的危急形势在一定程度上帮助了他们，当时的形势表明中国除了变法之外别无出路。
但是，顽固派，在国内，尤其是在统治阶级中的势力仍然十分强大。
他们极力反对变法，认为要变的是人，不是法，因为所有的错误都来自于人们的错误想法。
1898年，康有为再次上书光绪皇帝。
他谏言只有维新变法才能救国，不变法国家就要灭亡。
这一次，光绪皇帝被说动了，赞同了康有为的观点和建议。
1898年6月，他让康有为和其他一些变法派在政府中担任要职，并授权他们进行改革。
他们采取的主要是一些经济和教育改良措施，诸如鼓励工商业，设立学校，改革科举制度，裁撤一些不必要的政府机构。
但是真正执掌大权的是以慈禧太后为首的顽固派，他们非常憎恨这些举措，强烈反对。
在军队的协助下，慈禧于9月发动政变。