突然损失发电机或线路：sudden loss of a generator or transmission line. 负荷突然增加或减少：sudden load increases or decreases短路和开关操作：short circuits and switching operations.三相和对地短路：three-phase and line-to-ground faults短路器：circuit breaker暂态过电压和电流：transient overvoltages and currents雷击：lightning strikes电涌放电器：surge arrester相量：phasor，通常用复数phasors瞬时功率：instantaneous power特别地：In particular,正弦电压或电流：A sinusoidal voltage or current at constant frequency最大值：maximum value有效值：effective value平均值：average value坐标系实轴：real axis坐标系虚轴：imaginary axis相量图：phasor diagram for …无源元件：passive elements电阻、电感、电容、电抗：resistor, inductor, and capacitor, reactance,感性、容性：inductive, capacitive有功功率：real power or active power无功功率：reactive power功率因数：power factor功率因数角：power factor angleA single-phase source delivers 100kW to a load operating at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.物理意义：The physical significance of ……与…同相位：…be in phase with…Example：For a purely resistive load, the current into the load is in phase with the load voltage. 如式（2.1）所示：As indicated by (2.1), ……落后(超前)…多少相位：The current lags（leads） the voltage by 90.正弦稳态：sinusoidal-steady-state让a＝b，得到：Letting a=b gives按照惯例（通常）：By convention, the power factor cos(a-b) is positive.时间区间：a time interval T. Example: The total energy absorbed by a load during a time interval T. 额定值：rating. 例：额定功率－power rating；发电机额定功率－power rating of electric generator；额定电压：voltage rating.基尔霍夫电流（电压）方程：Kirchhoff’s current(voltage) law。

（P.48）节点方程：nodal equations导纳矩阵：admittance matrix有N个节点电压构成的列相量：column vector of N bus voltages对角元素：diagonal elements非对角元：off-diagonal elements自导纳：self-admittance; driving-point admittance互导纳：mutual admittance; transfer admittance美国8.14大停电：The US blackout on 14 August, 2003…对…将产生深远影响：The blackout will have huge technical and organizational consequences for the US power industry.当地仅存的无功电源无法维持电压：The existing local reactive power sources were not able to support the voltages.切除线路：trip(tripped) the lines.The isolated part suffered from low voltage and a severe deficit of generation.电力系统稳定是指…：Power system stability refers to the ability of synchronous machines to move from one steady-state operating point following a disturbance to another steady-state operating point,without losing synchronism.额定值：nominal values故障类型：loss of generation, line-switching operations, faults, sudden load changesEMS=Energy Management System能量管理系统DMS=Distribution Management System配电网络管理系统SCADA=Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition 监管控制与数据采集（调度自动化系统）AGC=Automatic Generation Control自动发电控制LFC=Load Frequency Control负荷频率控制EDC=Economic load Dispatching Control 经济调度负荷控制RTU=Remote Terminal Unit远程终端单元（远动分站）MMI=Men Machine Interface人机交互界面（在屏幕上进行监视与操作、控制）CRT=Cathode Ray Type阴极射线显示（显像管监视器）LC=Load Control负荷控制AM/FM=Automated Mapping and Facilities Management自动绘图与设备管理DSM=Demand Side Management需求端管理TOU=Time Of Use使用时间（次数）GEM=Generation Efficiency Management发电功效管理MIS=Management Information System 信息管理系统OS=Operation System操作系统DTS=Dispatcher Training Simulator 调度员培训系统EMP=Energy Management Platform能量管理平台FAT=Factory Acceptance Test工厂验收试验SAT=on Site Acceptance Test现场验收试验RTGEN=Real Time Generation Control 实时发电控制RTNET=Real Time NETwork state analysis实时网络状态分析FM=Facilities Management设备管理GIS=Geographic information System地理信息系统IEEE=The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers 电气电子工程学会POSIX=Portable Operating System Interface Standard Portable操作系统标准MIT=Massachusetls Institute of Technology麻省理技术学院OSF=Open System Foundation开放式系统基础ANSI=American National Standards Institute北美标准协会TCP/IP=Transaction Control Protocal/ Internet Protocal 传输控制协议与互联网协议SQL=Structured Query Language结构查询语言LAN=Local Area Network局域网络EPRI=Electric Power Research Institute电力研究（科学）院MMI=Man-Machine Interactive人机交互界面MMC=Man-Machine Communication人机交互通讯PHIGS=Programmer’s Hierachical Interactive Graphics System 分级式程序员交互图形系统LTU=Local Terminal Unit负荷终端单元SOE=Sequence Of Event recording 事件记录顺序记忆PDR=Post Disturbance Review提示扰动（故障）记忆AFC=Automatic Frequency Control 自动频率控制ACE=Area Control Error区域控制误差PLC=Plant Controler工厂控制TBC=Tie line Bias Control联络线（功率）偏差控制CFC=Constant Frequency Control恒定频控制CNIC=Constant Net Interchange Control 既定网络交换控制NERC=North American Electric Reliability Council –北美电力可靠性联合会LDC=Load Duration Curve负荷变化曲线ELDC=Equivalent Load Duration Curve 等效负荷变化曲线OPF=Optimal Power Flow最优潮流GRG=Generalized Reduced Gradient函数化简梯度AVR=Automatic Voltage Regulation自动电压调整REI=Radial Equivalent Independent REI等值（辐射状等值独立电源发）ZPBN=Zero Power Balance Network零功率平衡网络（无交换功率网络）FAT=Factory Acceptance TestSAT=Site Acceptance TestOMG=Object Management Group目标管理集合CORBA=Common Object Request Broker Architecture公共目标请求对象体系IDI=Interface Definition Language界面定义语言API=Application Programming Interface 应用程序界面ORB=Object Request Broker目标请求对象armature电枢（电机的部件）field场，范围pole pair杆对, 极对mmf=Magnetic Motive Force 磁动势quadrature90 度相移direct and quadrature axes d和q轴magnetic circuit磁路Per unit representation每个机组的表示法Stator定子, 固定片Rotorflux linkage磁链torque转矩phasor representation 矢量表示法,magnetic saturation 磁(性)饱和open circuit[电]断路swing摆动、摇摆inertiaconstant常数large-scale 大规模的amortisseur 阻尼器reactive电抗的capability 可能输出功率natural固有的surgetransfer传递,转移loadability载荷能力,载荷率induction motor 感应电动机steady-state稳态approach趋近,近似法excitation励磁underexcite欠励磁, 励磁不足limiter限制器overexcitation过激励, 超激磁subtransient次暂态phase-shifting transformer 移相变压器field-shorting励磁短路prime mover原动机energy supply供电hydraulic turbine 水轮机governing控制，管理，调节turbine汽轮机、涡轮机inelastic非弹性的governor蒂器thermal热的off-frequency越限频率fossil-fuelled energy systems 燃气能量系统converter变换机valve阀, 活门blocking闭塞harmonics谐波ratio比fault故障composite复合的underfrequency低于额定频率,频率过低shunt并联series串联Underfrequency load shedding 低频减载Interarea oscillation基面（主面）振荡。